Thyroid Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU)

A tracer dose of radioactive iodine (131I or 123I) is administered orally, and the radioactivity over the thyroid is measured at specific time intervals.

Normal range: 10 " “35% in 24 hours depending on local variations in iodine intake.

Use

Evaluation of hyperthyroidism associated with low RAIU (e.g., factitious hyperthyroidism, subacute thyroiditis, struma ovarii)

Distinguish Graves disease from toxic nodular goiter

Assess function of nodules ( "hot " ¯ or "cold " ¯)

Determine location and size of functioning thyroid tissue

Detect metastases from differentiated thyroid cancers

Evaluate use of radioiodine therapy

Determine the presence of an organification defect in thyroid hormone production

In combination with T3 suppression test: Administration of triiodothyronine suppresses RAIU by >50% in the normal person but not in patients with Graves disease or toxic nodules; shows autonomy of TSH secretion. Infrequently used

Interpretation

Increased In

Graves disease (diffuse toxic goiter)

Plummer disease (toxic multinodular goiter)

Toxic adenoma (uninodular goiter)

Thyroiditis (early Hashimoto; recovery stage of subacute thyroiditis)

TSH excess

TSH administration

TSH production by pituitary tumor (TSH >4 ˇ ¼U/mL) or other neoplasm

Defective thyroid hormone synthesis

Human chorionic gonadotropin " “mediated hyperthyroidism (e.g., choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole, embryonal carcinoma of the testis, hyperemesis gravidarum)

Decreased In

Hypothyroidism (tertiary, secondary, late primary)

Thyroiditis (late Hashimoto; active stage of subacute thyroiditis; RAIU does not usually respond to TSH administration)

Thyroid hormone administration (T3 or T4)

Therapeutic

Factitious (RAIU is augmented after TSH administration)

Antithyroid medication

Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism (Jodbasedow)

X-ray contrast media, iodine-containing drugs, iodized salt

Not valid for 2 " “4 weeks after administration of antithyroid drugs, thyroid, or iodides; the effect of organic iodine (e.g., x-ray contrast media) may persist for a much longer period.

Because of widespread dietary use of iodine in the United States, RAIU should not be used to evaluate euthyroid state.