para>No upper limit defined Decreased In
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Testicular disease (primary defects)
-
Posttesticular defects (disorders of sperm transport)
-
Hypothalamic " “pituitary disease (secondary hypogonadism)
Limitations
- Minimum specimen volume for microscopic analysis is 0.1 mL.
- Highly viscous specimens may affect accuracy of concentration results.
- A minimum of two analyses, preferably 1 month apart, are recommended to correct for cyclical variation in sperm concentration.
- Specimen collection should occur within a window of 48- to 72-hour abstinence to maximize average concentration of live cells.
Suggested Readings
1Cooper ‚ TG, Noonan ‚ E, von Eckardstein ‚ S World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics. Hum Reprod Update. 2010;16:231 " “245. 2World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research. World Health Organization Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen, 5th ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2010.