Diagnosis and Treatment: An Algorithmic Approach

View OriginalShadi Hamdeh, MD and Adil Abdalla, MD

Camilleri M. Management of patients with chronic abdominal pain in clinical practice. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2006;18(7):499-506.

Shadi Hamdeh, MD and Adil Abdalla, MD

Camilleri M. Management of patients with chronic abdominal pain in clinical practice. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2006;18(7):499-506.

Andrew G. Alexander, MD, Maegan Dupper, MD, and Heidi S. Millard, MD

Cartwright SL, Knudson MP. Diagnostic imaging of acute abdominal pain in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2015;91(7):452-459.

Andrew G. Alexander, MD, Maegan Dupper, MD, and Heidi S. Millard, MD

Cartwright SL, Knudson MP. Diagnostic imaging of acute abdominal pain in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2015;91(7):452-459.

Matthew Chandler, MD and Marie L. Borum, MD, EdD, MPH

Yamamoto W, Kono H, Maekawa M, et al. The relationship between abdominal pain regions and specific diseases: an epidemiologic approach to clinical practice. J Epidemiol. 1997;7(1):27-32.

Matthew Chandler, MD and Marie L. Borum, MD, EdD, MPH

Yamamoto W, Kono H, Maekawa M, et al. The relationship between abdominal pain regions and specific diseases: an epidemiologic approach to clinical practice. J Epidemiol. 1997;7(1):27-32.

Marissa T. Casagrande, PharmD, Ryan B. Feeney, PharmD, and Frank M. Mazzotta, DO

Hodgman MJ, Garrard AR. A review of acetaminophen poisoning. Crit Care Clin. 2012;28(4):499-516.

Marissa T. Casagrande, PharmD, Ryan B. Feeney, PharmD, and Frank M. Mazzotta, DO

Hodgman MJ, Garrard AR. A review of acetaminophen poisoning. Crit Care Clin. 2012;28(4):499-516.

Katelin Engerer, MD and Robert J. Hyde, MD, MA, NRP, FACEP

Kaplan LJ, Frangos S. Clinical review: acid-base abnormalities in the intensive care unit-part II. Crit Care. 2005;9(2):198-203.

Katelin Engerer, MD and Robert J. Hyde, MD, MA, NRP, FACEP

Kaplan LJ, Frangos S. Clinical review: acid-base abnormalities in the intensive care unit-part II. Crit Care. 2005;9(2):198-203.

Jason N. Butler, DO, MS and Lloyd A. Runser, MD, MPH

Lolis MS, Bowe WP, Shalita AR. Acne and systemic disease. Med Clin North Am. 2009;93(6):1161-1181.

Jason N. Butler, DO, MS and Lloyd A. Runser, MD, MPH

Lolis MS, Bowe WP, Shalita AR. Acne and systemic disease. Med Clin North Am. 2009;93(6):1161-1181.

Paul A. Tate, Jr., MD and Paul A. Savel, MD

Muncie HL Jr, Yasinian Y, Oge' L. Outpatient management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2013;88(9):589-595.

Paul A. Tate, Jr., MD and Paul A. Savel, MD

Muncie HL Jr, Yasinian Y, Oge' L. Outpatient management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2013;88(9):589-595.

Reem Hadi, MD and Fozia Akhtar Ali, MD

Siddique A, Kowdley KV. Approach to a patient with elevated serum alkaline phosphatase. Clin Liver Dis. 2012;16(2):199-229.

Reem Hadi, MD and Fozia Akhtar Ali, MD

Siddique A, Kowdley KV. Approach to a patient with elevated serum alkaline phosphatase. Clin Liver Dis. 2012;16(2):199-229.

Maria Montanez, MD and Fozia Akhtar Ali, MD

Master-Hunter T, Heiman DL. Amenorrhea: evaluation and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2006;73(8):1374-1382.

Maria Montanez, MD and Fozia Akhtar Ali, MD

Master-Hunter T, Heiman DL. Amenorrhea: evaluation and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2006;73(8):1374-1382.

Robert A. Baldor, MD, FAAFP and Alan M. Ehrlich, MD

Smith DL. Anemia in the elderly. Am Fam Physician. 2000;62(7):1565-1572.

Robert A. Baldor, MD, FAAFP and Alan M. Ehrlich, MD

Smith DL. Anemia in the elderly. Am Fam Physician. 2000;62(7):1565-1572.

Bettina Bernstein, DO

Combs H, Markman J. Anxiety disorders in primary care. Med Clin North Am. 2014;98(5):1007-1023.

Bettina Bernstein, DO

Combs H, Markman J. Anxiety disorders in primary care. Med Clin North Am. 2014;98(5):1007-1023.

Daniel J. Stein, MD, MPH and Stephen K. Lane, MD, FAAFP

Giboney PT. Mildly elevated liver transaminase levels in the asymptomatic patient. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71(6):1105-1110.

Daniel J. Stein, MD, MPH and Stephen K. Lane, MD, FAAFP

Giboney PT. Mildly elevated liver transaminase levels in the asymptomatic patient. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71(6):1105-1110.

Jasmit S. Minhas, MD and John A. Saryan, MD

National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR-3): guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma-summary report 2007. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120(5)(Suppl):S94-S138.

Jasmit S. Minhas, MD and John A. Saryan, MD

Michael C. Barros, PharmD, BCPS, BCACP, Colleen M. Prinzivalli, PharmD, BCPS, CGP, and Alia Chisty, MD, MS FACP

Elward KS, Pollart SM. Medical therapy for asthma: updates from the NAEPP guidelines. Am Fam Physician. 2010;82(10):1242-1251.

Michael C. Barros, PharmD, BCPS, BCACP, Colleen M. Prinzivalli, PharmD, BCPS, CGP, and Alia Chisty, MD, MS FACP

Elward KS, Pollart SM. Medical therapy for asthma: updates from the NAEPP guidelines. Am Fam Physician. 2010;82(10):1242-1251.

Michael C. Barros, PharmD, BCPS, BCACP, Colleen M. Prinzivalli, PharmD, BCPS, CGP, and Alia Chisty, MD, MS FACP

Elward KS, Pollart SM. Medical therapy for asthma: updates from the NAEPP guidelines. Am Fam Physician. 2010;82(10):1242-1251.

Michael C. Barros, PharmD, BCPS, BCACP, Colleen M. Prinzivalli, PharmD, BCPS, CGP, and Alia Chisty, MD, MS FACP

Elward KS, Pollart SM. Medical therapy for asthma: updates from the NAEPP guidelines. Am Fam Physician. 2010;82(10):1242-1251.

Fozia Akhtar Ali, MD and Teny Anna Philip, MD

Brunberg JA. Ataxia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(7):1420-1422.

Fozia Akhtar Ali, MD and Teny Anna Philip, MD

Brunberg JA. Ataxia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(7):1420-1422.

Amaninderapal S. Ghotra, MD, Suma Chennubhotla, MD, and Kelly McCants, MD

Link MS. Clinical practice. Evaluation and initial treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(15):1438-1448.

Amaninderapal S. Ghotra, MD, Suma Chennubhotla, MD, and Kelly McCants, MD

Link MS. Clinical practice. Evaluation and initial treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(15):1438-1448.

Bobby Peters, MD, FAAEM

Pimentel L, Diegelmann L. Evaluation and management of acute cervical spine trauma. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2010;28(4):719-738.

Bobby Peters, MD, FAAEM

Pimentel L, Diegelmann L. Evaluation and management of acute cervical spine trauma. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2010;28(4):719-738.

Jeremy Golding, MD, FAAFP

Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;130(25):2354-2394.

Jeremy Golding, MD, FAAFP

Wynne S. Morgan, MD and Peter J. Sell, DO, FAAP

Campbell KA, Olson LM, Keenan HT. Critical elements in the medical evaluation of suspected child physical abuse. Pediatrics. 2015;136(1):35-43.

Wynne S. Morgan, MD and Peter J. Sell, DO, FAAP

Campbell KA, Olson LM, Keenan HT. Critical elements in the medical evaluation of suspected child physical abuse. Pediatrics. 2015;136(1):35-43.

Kimberly Sikule, MD and J. Herbert Stevenson, MD

Pujalte GG, Albano-Aluquin SA. Differential diagnosis of polyarticular arthritis. Am Fam Physician. 2015;92(1):35-41.

Kimberly Sikule, MD and J. Herbert Stevenson, MD

Pujalte GG, Albano-Aluquin SA. Differential diagnosis of polyarticular arthritis. Am Fam Physician. 2015;92(1):35-41.

Scott E. Kopec, MD

Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. http://www.goldcopd.org/

Scott E. Kopec, MD

Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. http://www.goldcopd.org/

Robert A. Baldor, MD, FAAFP and Alan M. Ehrlich, MD

Porter ML, Dennis BL. Hyperbilirubinemia in the term newborn. Am Fam Physician. 2002;65(4):599-606.

Robert A. Baldor, MD, FAAFP and Alan M. Ehrlich, MD

Porter ML, Dennis BL. Hyperbilirubinemia in the term newborn. Am Fam Physician. 2002;65(4):599-606.

Caitlyn M. Rerucha, MD and Michelle E. Szczepanik, MD

Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Gammons M, et al. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(1):15-26.

Caitlyn M. Rerucha, MD and Michelle E. Szczepanik, MD

Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Gammons M, et al. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(1):15-26.

Michael T. Tanoue, MD, Parag Goyal, MD, and James M. Horowitz, MD, FACC

King M, Kingery J, Casey B. Diagnosis and evaluation of heart failure. Am Fam Physician. 2012;85(12):1161-1168.

Michael T. Tanoue, MD, Parag Goyal, MD, and James M. Horowitz, MD, FACC

King M, Kingery J, Casey B. Diagnosis and evaluation of heart failure. Am Fam Physician. 2012;85(12):1161-1168.

Daniel J. Stein, MD, MPH and Stephen K. Lane, MD, FAAFP

Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, et al. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(5):1480-1491.

Daniel J. Stein, MD, MPH and Stephen K. Lane, MD, FAAFP

Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, et al. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(5):1480-1491.

Bethany N. Teer, MD

Tabbers MM, DiLorenzo C, Berger MY, et al. Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;58(2):258-274.

Bethany N. Teer, MD

Amanda M. Carnes, MD

Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use, 2013: adapted from the World Health Organization selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, 2nd edition. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013;62(RR-05):1-60.

Amanda M. Carnes, MD

Bency K. Louidor-Paulynice, MD and Kimberly Bombaci, MD

Wells P, Forgie M, Rodger M. Treatment of venous thromboembolism. JAMA. 2014;311(7):717-728.

Bency K. Louidor-Paulynice, MD and Kimberly Bombaci, MD

Wells P, Forgie M, Rodger M. Treatment of venous thromboembolism. JAMA. 2014;311(7):717-728.

L. Michelle Seawright, DO and Nathaniel Stepp, DO, LCDR, USN

Tschudy M, Arcara K. Harriet Lane Handbook. 19th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2012:271-291.

L. Michelle Seawright, DO and Nathaniel Stepp, DO, LCDR, USN

Tschudy M, Arcara K. Harriet Lane Handbook. 19th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2012:271-291.

Michelle DiBetta, MD and Holly L. Baab, MD

Kalish VB, Gillham JE, Unwin BK. Delirium in older persons: evaluation and management. Am Fam Physician. 2014;90(3):150-158.

Michelle DiBetta, MD and Holly L. Baab, MD

Kalish VB, Gillham JE, Unwin BK. Delirium in older persons: evaluation and management. Am Fam Physician. 2014;90(3):150-158.

Kristin Grindstaff, DO and Casandra Cashman, MD, FAAFP

Simmons BB, Hartmann B, Dejoseph D. Evaluation of suspected dementia. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(8):895-902.

Kristin Grindstaff, DO and Casandra Cashman, MD, FAAFP

Simmons BB, Hartmann B, Dejoseph D. Evaluation of suspected dementia. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(8):895-902.

Wendy K. Marsh, MD, MSc

US Department of Verterans Affairs. VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of Major Depressive Disorder. Washington, DC: Department of Veteran Affairs; 2010.

Wendy K. Marsh, MD, MSc

US Department of Verterans Affairs. VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of Major Depressive Disorder. Washington, DC: Department of Veteran Affairs; 2010.

Emily Bouley, MD and Frank J. Domino, MD

Westerberg DP. Diabetic ketoacidosis: evaluation and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2013;87(5):337-346.

Emily Bouley, MD and Frank J. Domino, MD

Westerberg DP. Diabetic ketoacidosis: evaluation and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2013;87(5):337-346.

Lakshmi Devi Nelson Lattimer, MD and Marie L. Borum, MD, EdD, MPH

Schiller LR. Definitions, pathophysiology, and evaluation of chronic diarrhoea. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2012;25(5):551-562.

Lakshmi Devi Nelson Lattimer, MD and Marie L. Borum, MD, EdD, MPH

Schiller LR. Definitions, pathophysiology, and evaluation of chronic diarrhoea. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2012;25(5):551-562.

Nicole Shields, MD

Hainer BL, Gibson MV. Vaginitis. Am Fam Physician. 2011;83(7):807-815.

Nicole Shields, MD

Hainer BL, Gibson MV. Vaginitis. Am Fam Physician. 2011;83(7):807-815.

Jamal Islam, MD, MS

Pigott DC, Rosko CI. The dizzy patient: an evidence-based diagnosis and treatment strategy. Emerg Med Pract. 2001;3(3):1-20.

Jamal Islam, MD, MS

Pigott DC, Rosko CI. The dizzy patient: an evidence-based diagnosis and treatment strategy. Emerg Med Pract. 2001;3(3):1-20.

Jennifer L. Hamilton, MD, PhD, FAAFP

Talley NJ, Ford AC. Functional dyspepsia. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(19):1853-1863.

Jennifer L. Hamilton, MD, PhD, FAAFP

Talley NJ, Ford AC. Functional dyspepsia. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(19):1853-1863.

Shari Anthony, MD and Maria Cynthia S. Lopez, MD, FAAFP

Malagelada JR, Bazzoli F, Boeckxstaens G, et al. World gastroenterology organisation global guidelines: dysphagia-global guidelines and cascades update September 2014. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2015;49(5):370-378.

Shari Anthony, MD and Maria Cynthia S. Lopez, MD, FAAFP

Manisha J. Patel, MD and Tarun Kewalramani, MD

Patnaik MM, Tefferi A. The complete evaluation of erythrocytosis: congenital and acquired. Leukemia. 2009;23(5):834-844.

Manisha J. Patel, MD and Tarun Kewalramani, MD

Patnaik MM, Tefferi A. The complete evaluation of erythrocytosis: congenital and acquired. Leukemia. 2009;23(5):834-844.

Paavan Mehta, MD and Frank J. Domino, MD

Rosenthal TC, Majeroni BA, Pretorius R, et al. Fatigue: an overview. Am Fam Physician. 2008;78(10):1173-1179.

Paavan Mehta, MD and Frank J. Domino, MD

Rosenthal TC, Majeroni BA, Pretorius R, et al. Fatigue: an overview. Am Fam Physician. 2008;78(10):1173-1179.

Robyn Wing, MD and William Jerry Durbin, MD

Byington CL, Reynolds CC, Korgenski K, et al. Costs and infant outcomes after implementation of a care process model for febrile infants. Pediatrics. 2012;130(1):e16-e24.

Robyn Wing, MD and William Jerry Durbin, MD

Byington CL, Reynolds CC, Korgenski K, et al. Costs and infant outcomes after implementation of a care process model for febrile infants. Pediatrics. 2012;130(1):e16-e24.

Rachelle E. Toman, MD, PhD, Megan Hollis, MD, and Angela Kuznia, MD, MPH

Hersch EC, Oh RC. Prolonged febrile illness and fever of unknown origin in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2014;90(2):91-96.

Rachelle E. Toman, MD, PhD, Megan Hollis, MD, and Angela Kuznia, MD, MPH

Hersch EC, Oh RC. Prolonged febrile illness and fever of unknown origin in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2014;90(2):91-96.

David T. O'Gurek, MD, FAAFP

Salzman B. Gait and balance disorders in older adults. Am Fam Physician. 2010;82(1):61-68.

David T. O'Gurek, MD, FAAFP

Salzman B. Gait and balance disorders in older adults. Am Fam Physician. 2010;82(1):61-68.

Aniruddh Anil Patel, MD and Thomas L. Abell, MD

Katz PO, Gerson LB, Vela MF. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(3):308-328.

Aniruddh Anil Patel, MD and Thomas L. Abell, MD

Katz PO, Gerson LB, Vela MF. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(3):308-328.

Chidinma Osineme, MD and Midhuna William, MD

Roett MA, Mayor MT, Uduhiri KA. Diagnosis and management of genital ulcers. Am Fam Physician. 2012:85(3):254-262.

Chidinma Osineme, MD and Midhuna William, MD

Roett MA, Mayor MT, Uduhiri KA. Diagnosis and management of genital ulcers. Am Fam Physician. 2012:85(3):254-262.

Katie L. Westerfield, DO and David C. Bury, DO

Narula HS, Carlson HE. Gynaecomastia-pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014;10(11):684-698.

Katie L. Westerfield, DO and David C. Bury, DO

Narula HS, Carlson HE. Gynaecomastia-pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014;10(11):684-698.

Amy Okpaku, DO

Yancey JR, Sheridan R, Koren KG. Chronic daily headache: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2014;89(8):642-648.

Amy Okpaku, DO

Yancey JR, Sheridan R, Koren KG. Chronic daily headache: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2014;89(8):642-648.

Michael Argyle, DO and Brett Johnson, DO

Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, et al. 2008 Focsed update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2008;118(15):e523-e661.

Michael Argyle, DO and Brett Johnson, DO

Alec DeCastro, MD

Tu P, Bytomski JR. Diagnosis of heel pain. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(8):909-916.

Alec DeCastro, MD

Tu P, Bytomski JR. Diagnosis of heel pain. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(8):909-916.

Faruq Pradhan, MBBCh, Lisa N. Jarnagin, MBBCh, BAO, and Stephen C. Fabry, MD

Wilkins T, Khan N, Nabh A, et al. Diagnosis and management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Am Fam Physician. 2012;85(5):469-479.

Faruq Pradhan, MBBCh, Lisa N. Jarnagin, MBBCh, BAO, and Stephen C. Fabry, MD

Wilkins T, Khan N, Nabh A, et al. Diagnosis and management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Am Fam Physician. 2012;85(5):469-479.

Krishna Manda, MD, MRCP

Sharp VJ, Barnes KT, Erickson BA. Assessment of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2013;88(11):747-754.

Krishna Manda, MD, MRCP

Sharp VJ, Barnes KT, Erickson BA. Assessment of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2013;88(11):747-754.

Matthew Chandler, MD and Marie L. Borum, MD, EdD, MPH

Starr SP, Raines D. Cirrhosis: diagnosis, management, and prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(12):1353-1359.

Matthew Chandler, MD and Marie L. Borum, MD, EdD, MPH

Starr SP, Raines D. Cirrhosis: diagnosis, management, and prevention. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(12):1353-1359.

Deborah A. Lardner, DO, DTM&H and Michael Passafaro, DO, DTM&H, FACEP, FACOEP

Kacprowicz RF, Lloyd JD. Electrolyte complications of malignancy. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2009;27(2):257-269.

Deborah A. Lardner, DO, DTM&H and Michael Passafaro, DO, DTM&H, FACEP, FACOEP

Kacprowicz RF, Lloyd JD. Electrolyte complications of malignancy. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2009;27(2):257-269.

Matthew C. Kelly, MD and Michelle E. Szczepanik, MD

Kovesdy CP. Management of hyperkalemia: an update for the internist. Am J Med. 2015;128(12):1281-1287.

Matthew C. Kelly, MD and Michelle E. Szczepanik, MD

Kovesdy CP. Management of hyperkalemia: an update for the internist. Am J Med. 2015;128(12):1281-1287.

Jason E. Cross, PharmD, Dinesh Yogaratnam, PharmD, and Sudeep K. Aulakh, MD, FACP, FRCPC

Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(25)(Suppl 2):S1-S45.

Jason E. Cross, PharmD, Dinesh Yogaratnam, PharmD, and Sudeep K. Aulakh, MD, FACP, FRCPC

Timothy J. Coker, MD

Braun MM, Barstow CH, Pyzocha NJ. Diagnosis and management of sodium disorders: hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Am Fam Physician. 2015;91(5):299-307.

Timothy J. Coker, MD

Braun MM, Barstow CH, Pyzocha NJ. Diagnosis and management of sodium disorders: hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Am Fam Physician. 2015;91(5):299-307.

Steven W. Gale, MD and Timothy J. Coker, MD

Berglund L, Brunzell JD, Goldberg AC, et al. Evaluation and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(9):2969-2989.

Steven W. Gale, MD and Timothy J. Coker, MD

Berglund L, Brunzell JD, Goldberg AC, et al. Evaluation and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(9):2969-2989.

Lawrence M. Gibbs, MD, MSEd

Gatta A, Verardo A, Bolognesi M. Hypoalbuminemia. Intern Emerg Med. 2012;7(Suppl 3):S193-S199.

Lawrence M. Gibbs, MD, MSEd

Gatta A, Verardo A, Bolognesi M. Hypoalbuminemia. Intern Emerg Med. 2012;7(Suppl 3):S193-S199.

Tiffany Burca, DO and Timothy J. Coker, MD

Michels TC, Kelly KM. Parathyroid disorders. Am Fam Physician. 2013;88(4):249-257.

Tiffany Burca, DO and Timothy J. Coker, MD

Michels TC, Kelly KM. Parathyroid disorders. Am Fam Physician. 2013;88(4):249-257.

Aimee L. Dietle, PharmD and Stephanie J. Billings, MD

Martens P, Tits J. Approach to the patient with spontaneous hypoglycemia. Eur J Intern Med. 2014;25(5):415-421.

Aimee L. Dietle, PharmD and Stephanie J. Billings, MD

Martens P, Tits J. Approach to the patient with spontaneous hypoglycemia. Eur J Intern Med. 2014;25(5):415-421.

Nathaniel Cranney, DO and Bethany Teer, MD

Medford-David L, Rafique Z. Derangements of potassium. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2014;32(2):329-347.

Nathaniel Cranney, DO and Bethany Teer, MD

Medford-David L, Rafique Z. Derangements of potassium. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2014;32(2):329-347.

Sultan M. Babar, MD and R. Aaron Lambert, MD

Lien YH, Shapiro JI. Hyponatremia: clinical diagnosis and management. Am J Med. 2007;120(8):653-658.

Sultan M. Babar, MD and R. Aaron Lambert, MD

Lien YH, Shapiro JI. Hyponatremia: clinical diagnosis and management. Am J Med. 2007;120(8):653-658.

Amar Talati, DO and David O. Parrish, MS, MD, FAAFP

Mouncey PR, Osborn TM, Power GS, et al. Trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(14):1301-1311.

Amar Talati, DO and David O. Parrish, MS, MD, FAAFP

Mouncey PR, Osborn TM, Power GS, et al. Trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(14):1301-1311.

Tiffany Tonismae, MD and Emily Evans-Hoeker, MD

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Diagnostic evaluation of the infertile female: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2015;103(6):e44-e50.

Tiffany Tonismae, MD and Emily Evans-Hoeker, MD

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Diagnostic evaluation of the infertile female: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2015;103(6):e44-e50.

Krunal Patel, MD and Isabel Zacharias, MD

Roche SP, Kobos R. Jaundice in the adult patient. Am Fam Physician. 2004;69(2):299-304.

Krunal Patel, MD and Isabel Zacharias, MD

Roche SP, Kobos R. Jaundice in the adult patient. Am Fam Physician. 2004;69(2):299-304.

Alec DeCastro, MD

Calmbach WL, Hutchens M. Evaluation of patients presenting with knee pain: part I. History, physical examination, radiographs, and laboratory tests. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68(5):907-912.

Alec DeCastro, MD

Calmbach WL, Hutchens M. Evaluation of patients presenting with knee pain: part I. History, physical examination, radiographs, and laboratory tests. Am Fam Physician. 2003;68(5):907-912.

Curtis L. Galke, DO, FAAFP

Lossos IS, Breuer R, Intrator O, et al. Differential diagnosis of pleural effusion by lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme analysis. Chest. 1997;111(3):648-651.

Curtis L. Galke, DO, FAAFP

Lossos IS, Breuer R, Intrator O, et al. Differential diagnosis of pleural effusion by lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme analysis. Chest. 1997;111(3):648-651.

Han Q. Bui, MD, MPH

Kosnett MJ, Wedeen RP, Rothenberg SJ, et al. Recommendations for medical management of adult lead exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115(3):463-471.

Han Q. Bui, MD, MPH

Kosnett MJ, Wedeen RP, Rothenberg SJ, et al. Recommendations for medical management of adult lead exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115(3):463-471.

Shawna King, DO and Holly L. Baab, MD

Herndon CM, Zoberi KS, Gardner BJ. Common questions about chronic low back pain. Am Fam Physician. 2015;91(10):708-714.

Shawna King, DO and Holly L. Baab, MD

Herndon CM, Zoberi KS, Gardner BJ. Common questions about chronic low back pain. Am Fam Physician. 2015;91(10):708-714.

Pamela Waters, MD and Jonathan S. Bassett, MD

Mohseni S, Shojaiefard A, Khorgami Z, et al. Peripheral lymphadenopathy: approach and diagnostic tools. Iran J Med Sci. 2014;39(2)(Suppl):158-170.

Pamela Waters, MD and Jonathan S. Bassett, MD

Mohseni S, Shojaiefard A, Khorgami Z, et al. Peripheral lymphadenopathy: approach and diagnostic tools. Iran J Med Sci. 2014;39(2)(Suppl):158-170.

Andrew Smith, MD and Erin Bassett-Novoa, MD

Brass D, Mckay P, Scott F. Investigating an incidental finding of lymphopenia. BMJ. 2014;348:g1721.

Andrew Smith, MD and Erin Bassett-Novoa, MD

Brass D, Mckay P, Scott F. Investigating an incidental finding of lymphopenia. BMJ. 2014;348:g1721.

Karen Browning, MD and Kelly Pagidas, MD

Huntzinger A. Practice guidelines: AHRQ releases evidence report on managing menopause-related symptoms. Am Fam Physician. 2005;72(4):709-710.

Karen Browning, MD and Kelly Pagidas, MD

Huntzinger A. Practice guidelines: AHRQ releases evidence report on managing menopause-related symptoms. Am Fam Physician. 2005;72(4):709-710.

Munawar Hayat, MD, Amber Durani, PA, and Tasaduq Mir, MD

Ginsberg HN. Treatment for patients with the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91(7A):29E-39E.

Munawar Hayat, MD, Amber Durani, PA, and Tasaduq Mir, MD

Ginsberg HN. Treatment for patients with the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91(7A):29E-39E.

John M. Doan, DO and Robert K. Persons, DO

Worthington I,Pringsheim T, Gawel MJ, et al. Canadian Headache Society guideline: acute drug therapy for migraine headache. Can J Neurol Sci. 2013;40(5)(Suppl 3):S1-S80.

John M. Doan, DO and Robert K. Persons, DO

Worthington I,Pringsheim T, Gawel MJ, et al. Canadian Headache Society guideline: acute drug therapy for migraine headache. Can J Neurol Sci. 2013;40(5)(Suppl 3):S1-S80.

Natasha J. Pyzocha, DO and Douglas M. Maurer, DO, MPH, FAAFP

Tully AS, Trayes KP, Studdiford JS. Evaluation of nail abnormalities. Am Fam Physician. 2012;85(8):779-787.

Natasha J. Pyzocha, DO and Douglas M. Maurer, DO, MPH, FAAFP

Tully AS, Trayes KP, Studdiford JS. Evaluation of nail abnormalities. Am Fam Physician. 2012;85(8):779-787.

Andrew Smith, MD and Erin Bassett-Novoa, MD

Newburger PE, Dale DC. Evaluation and management of patients with isolated neutropenia. Semin Hematol. 2013;50(3):198-206.

Andrew Smith, MD and Erin Bassett-Novoa, MD

Newburger PE, Dale DC. Evaluation and management of patients with isolated neutropenia. Semin Hematol. 2013;50(3):198-206.

Amy Okpaku, DO

Perkins A, Duffy RL. Atypical moles: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2015;91(11):762-767.

Amy Okpaku, DO

Perkins A, Duffy RL. Atypical moles: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2015;91(11):762-767.

Ashik Lawrence, MD, Anubhav Kaul, MD, and Margaret Seaver, MD, MPH

Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Health Care Guideline: Assessment and Management of Chronic Pain. 5th ed. Bloomington, MN: Institute of Clinical System Improvement; 2011.

Ashik Lawrence, MD, Anubhav Kaul, MD, and Margaret Seaver, MD, MPH

Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Health Care Guideline: Assessment and Management of Chronic Pain. 5th ed. Bloomington, MN: Institute of Clinical System Improvement; 2011.

Ashik Lawrence, MD, Anubhav Kaul, MD, and Margaret Seaver, MD, MPH

Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Health Care Guideline: Assessment and Management of Chronic Pain. 5th ed. Bloomington, MN: Institute of Clinical System Improvement; 2011.

Ashik Lawrence, MD, Anubhav Kaul, MD, and Margaret Seaver, MD, MPH

Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Health Care Guideline: Assessment and Management of Chronic Pain. 5th ed. Bloomington, MN: Institute of Clinical System Improvement; 2011.

Lindsay Petersen, MD and Andrea Madrigrano, MD, FACS

Salzman B, Fleegle S, Tully AS. Common breast problems. Am Fam Physician. 2012;86(4):343-349.

Lindsay Petersen, MD and Andrea Madrigrano, MD, FACS

Salzman B, Fleegle S, Tully AS. Common breast problems. Am Fam Physician. 2012;86(4):343-349.

Abbott Cotton Widdicombe, MD and Frank J. Domino, MD

Wexler RK, Pleister A, Raman S. Outpatient approach to palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(1):63-69.

Abbott Cotton Widdicombe, MD and Frank J. Domino, MD

Wexler RK, Pleister A, Raman S. Outpatient approach to palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(1):63-69.

Paul Pastor, MD

Adapted from American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Algorithms: updated consensus guidelines for managing abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors. http://www.asccp.org/Portals/9/docs/Algorithms%207.30.13.pdf. Accessed 2015.

Paul Pastor, MD

Susan L. Steffans, DO

American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Algorithms: updated consensus guidelines for management of abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors. http://www.asccp.org/Portals/9/docs/ASCCP%20Management%20Guidelines_August%202014.pdf. Accessed August 2015.

Susan L. Steffans, DO

Sarah Coles, MD and William Dabbs, MD

Gazewood JD, Richards DR, Clebak K. Parkinson disease: an update. Am Fam Physician. 2013;87(4):267-273.

Sarah Coles, MD and William Dabbs, MD

Gazewood JD, Richards DR, Clebak K. Parkinson disease: an update. Am Fam Physician. 2013;87(4):267-273.

Phillip Fournier, MD

Dyer JA. Childhood viral exanthems. Pediatr Ann. 2007;36(1):21-29.

Phillip Fournier, MD

Dyer JA. Childhood viral exanthems. Pediatr Ann. 2007;36(1):21-29.

Meredith Gray, MD and Isaiah Johnson, MD

Howard FM. Chronic pelvic pain. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101(3):594-611.

Meredith Gray, MD and Isaiah Johnson, MD

Howard FM. Chronic pelvic pain. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101(3):594-611.

Andrew Romney, DO and Lee T. Church, MD

Frithsen IL, Simpson WM Jr. Recognition and management of acute medication poisoning. Am Fam Physician. 2010;81(3):316-323.

Andrew Romney, DO and Lee T. Church, MD

Frithsen IL, Simpson WM Jr. Recognition and management of acute medication poisoning. Am Fam Physician. 2010;81(3):316-323.

Nicole Shields, MD

Berbero─člu M. Precocious puberty and normal variant puberty: definiton, etiology, diagnosis and current management. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2009;1(4):164-174.

Nicole Shields, MD

Berbero─člu M. Precocious puberty and normal variant puberty: definiton, etiology, diagnosis and current management. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2009;1(4):164-174.

Andrew Grimes, MD and Stacy Jones, MD

Ghadimi K, Thompson A. Update on perioperative care of the cardiac patient for noncardiac surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2015;28(3):342-348.

Andrew Grimes, MD and Stacy Jones, MD

Ghadimi K, Thompson A. Update on perioperative care of the cardiac patient for noncardiac surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2015;28(3):342-348.

John M. Doan, DO and Robert K. Persons, DO

BMJ Best Practice. Assessment of proteinuria. http://us.bestpractice.bmj.com/best-practice/monograph/875.html Updated September 17, 2014. Accessed July 20, 2015.

John M. Doan, DO and Robert K. Persons, DO

BMJ Best Practice. Assessment of proteinuria. http://us.bestpractice.bmj.com/best-practice/monograph/875.html Updated September 17, 2014. Accessed July 20, 2015.

Erynn E. Elleby, MD and Lawrence M. Gibbs, MD, MSEd

Dupras D, Bluhm J, Felty C, et al. Institute for clinical systems improvement. Venous thromboembolism diagnosis and treatment. https://www.icsi.org/_asset/sw0pgp/vte.pdf. Updated January 2013.

Erynn E. Elleby, MD and Lawrence M. Gibbs, MD, MSEd

Dupras D, Bluhm J, Felty C, et al. Institute for clinical systems improvement. Venous thromboembolism diagnosis and treatment. https://www.icsi.org/_asset/sw0pgp/vte.pdf. Updated January 2013.

Ryan B. Feeney, PharmD and Frank M. Mazzotta, DO

Jaff MR, McMurtry MS, Archer SL, et al. Management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123(16):1788-1830.

Ryan B. Feeney, PharmD and Frank M. Mazzotta, DO

Brandon Kirsch, MD and Jason C. Sluzevich, MD

Ely JW, Seabury Stone M. The generalized rash: part I. Differential diagnosis. Am Fam Physician. 2010;81(6):726-734.

Brandon Kirsch, MD and Jason C. Sluzevich, MD

Ely JW, Seabury Stone M. The generalized rash: part I. Differential diagnosis. Am Fam Physician. 2010;81(6):726-734.

Mohammad Ansar Mughal, MD

Hoedema RE, Luchtefeld MA. The management of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48(11):2010-2024.

Mohammad Ansar Mughal, MD

Hoedema RE, Luchtefeld MA. The management of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48(11):2010-2024.

Virginia Van Duyne, MD

Alijotas-Reig J, Garrido-Gimenez C. Current concepts and new trends in the diagnosis and management of recurrent miscarriage. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2013;68(6):445-466.

Virginia Van Duyne, MD

Alijotas-Reig J, Garrido-Gimenez C. Current concepts and new trends in the diagnosis and management of recurrent miscarriage. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2013;68(6):445-466.

Drew-Anne Drapala, MD and Vincent Lo, MD, FAAFP

Cronau H, Kankanala RR, Mauger T. Diagnosis and management of red eye in primary care. Am Fam Physician. 2010;81(2):137-144.

Drew-Anne Drapala, MD and Vincent Lo, MD, FAAFP

Cronau H, Kankanala RR, Mauger T. Diagnosis and management of red eye in primary care. Am Fam Physician. 2010;81(2):137-144.

Alicia G. Lydecker, MD, Matthew K. Griswold, MD, and Kavita Babu, MD

Chyka PA, Erdman AR, Christianson G, et al. Salicylate poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2007;45(2):95-131.

Alicia G. Lydecker, MD, Matthew K. Griswold, MD, and Kavita Babu, MD

Chyka PA, Erdman AR, Christianson G, et al. Salicylate poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2007;45(2):95-131.

Andrew S. Hellenga, MD and Matthew J. Snyder, DO

Wilden JA, Cohen-Gadol AA. Evaluation of first nonfebrile seizures. Am Fam Physician. 2012;86(4):334-340.

Andrew S. Hellenga, MD and Matthew J. Snyder, DO

Wilden JA, Cohen-Gadol AA. Evaluation of first nonfebrile seizures. Am Fam Physician. 2012;86(4):334-340.

Shane L. Larson, MD and Derek G. Zickgraf, DO

Song A, Higgins LD, Newman J, et al. Glenohumeral corticosteroid injections in adhesive capsulitis: a systematic search and review. PM R. 2014;6(12):1143-1156.

Shane L. Larson, MD and Derek G. Zickgraf, DO

Song A, Higgins LD, Newman J, et al. Glenohumeral corticosteroid injections in adhesive capsulitis: a systematic search and review. PM R. 2014;6(12):1143-1156.

This algorithm is meant to assist clinicians in the workup and management of common complications of sickle cell disease. It should not replace a physician's clinical judgment or be considered a standardized protocol for all patients.
Andrew S. Hellenga, MD and Matthew J. Snyder, DO

New England Pediatric Sickle Cell Consortium. Clinical practice guidelines. http://www.nepscc.org/nepscc.html. Accessed 2015.

Irene C. Coletsos, MD and Harold J. Bursztajn, MD

Posner K, Oquendo MA, Gould M, et al. Columbia Classification Algorithm of Suicide Assessment (C-CASA): classification of suicidal events in the FDA's pediatric suicidal risk analysis of antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(7):1035-1043.

Irene C. Coletsos, MD and Harold J. Bursztajn, MD

Tammy Donoway, DO, FAAFP

Gauer RL. Evaluation of syncope. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(6):640-650.

Tammy Donoway, DO, FAAFP

Gauer RL. Evaluation of syncope. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(6):640-650.

Nupam A. Patel, MD and Samuel B. Carli, MD

Reese JA, Li X, Hauben M, et al. Identifying drugs that cause acute thrombocytopenia: an analysis using 3 distinct methods. Blood. 2010;116(12):2127-2133.

Nupam A. Patel, MD and Samuel B. Carli, MD

Reese JA, Li X, Hauben M, et al. Identifying drugs that cause acute thrombocytopenia: an analysis using 3 distinct methods. Blood. 2010;116(12):2127-2133.

Deborah A. Lardner, DO, DTM&H and Michael Passafaro, DO, DTM&H, FACEP, FACOEP

Simmons BB, Cirignano B, Gadegbeku AB. Transient ischemic attack: part I. Diagnosis and evaluation. Am Fam Physician. 2012;86(6):521-526.

Deborah A. Lardner, DO, DTM&H and Michael Passafaro, DO, DTM&H, FACEP, FACOEP

Simmons BB, Cirignano B, Gadegbeku AB. Transient ischemic attack: part I. Diagnosis and evaluation. Am Fam Physician. 2012;86(6):521-526.

Kenneth Liu, PharmD, Steven J. Crosby, MA, BSP, RPh, FASCP, and Ildiko Halasz, MD

Crawford P, Zimmerman EE. Differentiation and diagnosis of tremor. Am Fam Physician. 2011;83(6):697-702.

Kenneth Liu, PharmD, Steven J. Crosby, MA, BSP, RPh, FASCP, and Ildiko Halasz, MD

Crawford P, Zimmerman EE. Differentiation and diagnosis of tremor. Am Fam Physician. 2011;83(6):697-702.

Andrew G. Alexander, MD

American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2015. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(1):S1-S94.

Andrew G. Alexander, MD

American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2015. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(1):S1-S94.

Steven A. House, MD, FAAFP, FAAHPM, HMDC

Rahman M, Shad F, Smith MC. Acute kidney injury: a guide to diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2012;86(7):631-639.

Steven A. House, MD, FAAFP, FAAHPM, HMDC

Rahman M, Shad F, Smith MC. Acute kidney injury: a guide to diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2012;86(7):631-639.

Emily Reus, MD and Mark J. Manning, DO, MsMEL

Gracia CR, Barnhart KT. Diagnosing ectopic pregnancy: decision analysis comparing six strategies. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(3):464-470.

Emily Reus, MD and Mark J. Manning, DO, MsMEL

Gracia CR, Barnhart KT. Diagnosing ectopic pregnancy: decision analysis comparing six strategies. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(3):464-470.

Tanya E. Anim, MD and Jennifer Tickal Keehbauch, MD

Sweet MG, Schmidt-Dalton TA, Weiss PM, et al. Evaluation and management of abnormal uterine bleeding in premenopausal women. Am Fam Physician. 2012;85(1):35-43.

Tanya E. Anim, MD and Jennifer Tickal Keehbauch, MD

Sweet MG, Schmidt-Dalton TA, Weiss PM, et al. Evaluation and management of abnormal uterine bleeding in premenopausal women. Am Fam Physician. 2012;85(1):35-43.

Gisela M. Lopez Payares, MD and Fozia Akhtar Ali, MD

Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1911-1930.

Gisela M. Lopez Payares, MD and Fozia Akhtar Ali, MD

Crystal Amadi, MD and Fozia Akhtar Ali, MD

Gaddey HL, Holder K. Unintentional weight loss in older adults. Am Fam Physician. 2014;89(9):718-722.

Crystal Amadi, MD and Fozia Akhtar Ali, MD

Gaddey HL, Holder K. Unintentional weight loss in older adults. Am Fam Physician. 2014;89(9):718-722.