(SOW dee um FOS fates)
Oral solution, rectal: Short-term treatment of constipation
Oral tablets: Bowel cleansing prior to colonoscopy
IV: Source of phosphate in large volume IV fluids and parenteral nutrition; treatment and prevention of hypophosphatemia
Hypersensitivity to sodium phosphate salts or any component of the formulation; additional contraindications vary by product:
Intravenous preparation: Diseases with hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, or hypernatremia
Tablets: Acute phosphate nephropathy (biopsy proven), bowel obstruction, bowel perforation, gastric bypass or stapling surgery, toxic colitis, toxic megacolon
OTC labeling (Oral Solution): When used for self-medication: Dehydration, heart failure, renal impairment, electrolyte abnormalities; use for bowel cleansing, use in children <5 years
There have been rare but serious reports of acute phosphate nephropathy in patients who received oral sodium phosphate products for colon cleansing prior to colonoscopy. Some cases have resulted in permanent impairment of renal function and some patients required long-term dialysis. While some cases have occurred in patients without identifiable risk factors, patients at increased risk of acute phosphate nephropathy may include those with increased age, hypovolemia, increased bowel transit time (such as bowel obstruction), active colitis, or baseline kidney disease, and those using medicines that affect renal perfusion or function (such as diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and possibly nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]).
It is important to use the dose and dosing regimen as recommended (PM/AM split dose).
Note: If phosphate repletion is required and a phosphate product is not available at your institution, consider the use of sodium glycerophosphate pentahydrate (Glycophos) as a suitable substitute. Concentration and dosing are different from FDA-approved products; use caution when switching between products. Refer to Sodium Glycerophosphate Pentahydrate monograph.
Caution: With orders for IV phosphate, there is considerable confusion associated with the use of millimoles (mmol) versus milliequivalents (mEq) to express the phosphate requirement. The most reliable method of ordering IV phosphate is by millimoles, then specifying the potassium or sodium salt. Intravenous doses listed as mmol of phosphate.
Acute treatment of hypophosphatemia: IV: It is difficult to provide concrete guidelines for the treatment of severe hypophosphatemia because the extent of total body deficits and response to therapy are difficult to predict. Aggressive doses of phosphate may result in a transient serum elevation followed by redistribution into intracellular compartments or bone tissue. It is recommended that repletion of severe hypophosphatemia be done IV because large doses of oral phosphate may cause diarrhea and intestinal absorption may be unreliable. Intermittent IV infusion should be reserved for severe depletion situations; requires continuous cardiac monitoring. Guidelines differ based on degree of illness, need/use of TPN, and severity of hypophosphatemia. If hypokalemia exists (some clinicians recommend threshold of <4 mmol/L), consider phosphate replacement strategy with potassium (eg, potassium phosphates). Obese patients and/or severe renal impairment were excluded from phosphate supplement trials. Note: 1 mmol phosphate = 31 mg phosphorus; 1 mg phosphorus = 0.032 mmol phosphate.
General replacement guidelines (Lentz, 1978):
Low dose, serum phosphorus losses are recent and uncomplicated: 0.08 mmol/kg over 6 hours
Intermediate dose, serum phosphorus level 0.5-1 mg/dL (0.16-0.32 mmol/L): 0.16-0.24 mmol/kg over 6 hours
Note: The initial dose may be increased by 25% to 50% if the patient is symptomatic secondary to hypophosphatemia and lowered by 25% to 50% if the patient is hypercalcemic.
Critically-ill adult patients receiving concurrent enteral/parenteral nutrition (Brown, 2006; Clark, 1995): Note: Round doses to the nearest 7.5 mmol for ease of preparation. If administering with phosphate-containing parenteral nutrition, do not exceed 15 mmol/L within parenteral nutrition. May use adjusted body weight for patients weighing >130% of ideal body weight (and BMI <40 kg/m2) by using [IBW + 0.25 (ABW-IBW)]:
Low dose, serum phosphorus level 2.3-3 mg/dL (0.74-0.96 mmol/L): 0.16-0.32 mmol/kg over 4-6 hours
Intermediate dose, serum phosphorus level 1.6-2.2 mg/dL (0.51-0.71 mmol/L): 0.32-0.64 mmol/kg over 4-6 hours
High dose, serum phosphorus <1.5 mg/dL (<0.5 mmol/L): 0.64-1 mmol/kg over 8-12 hours
Parenteral nutrition: IV: 10-15 mmol/1000 kcal (Hicks, 2001) or 20-40 mmol/24 hours (Mirtallo, 2004 [ASPEN guidelines])
Laxative (Fleet): Rectal: Contents of one 4.5 oz enema as a single dose
Laxative: Oral solution: 15 mL as a single dose; maximum single daily dose: 45 mL
Bowel cleansing prior to colonoscopy: Oral tablets: Note: Do not use additional agents, especially other sodium phosphate products.
OsmoPrep: A total of 32 tablets and 2 quarts of clear liquids (8 ounces of clear liquids with each dose) divided as follows:
Evening before colonoscopy: 4 tablets every 15 minutes for 5 doses (total of 20 tablets)
3-5 hours prior to colonoscopy: 4 tablets every 15 minutes for 3 doses (total of 12 tablets)
Use with caution due to increased risk of renal impairment in the elderly. Refer to adult dosing.
Note: If phosphate repletion is required and a phosphate product is not available at your institution, consider the use of sodium glycerophosphate pentahydrate (Glycophos) as a suitable substitute. Concentration and dosing are different from FDA-approved products; use caution when switching between products. Refer to Sodium Glycerophosphate Pentahydrate monograph.
Caution: With orders for IV phosphate, there is considerable confusion associated with the use of millimoles (mmol) versus milliequivalents (mEq) to express the phosphate requirement. The most reliable method of ordering IV phosphate is by millimoles, then specifying the potassium or sodium salt. Intravenous doses listed as mmol of phosphate.
Acute treatment of hypophosphatemia: IV: It is difficult to provide concrete guidelines for the treatment of severe hypophosphatemia because the extent of total body deficits and response to therapy are difficult to predict. Aggressive doses of phosphate may result in a transient serum elevation followed by redistribution into intracellular compartments or bone tissue. It is recommended that repletion of severe hypophosphatemia be done IV because large doses of oral phosphate may cause diarrhea and intestinal absorption may be unreliable. Intermittent IV infusion should be reserved for severe depletion situations; requires continuous cardiac monitoring. Guidelines differ based on degree of illness, need/use of TPN, and severity of hypophosphatemia. If hypokalemia exists (some clinicians recommend threshold of <4 mmol/L), consider phosphate replacement strategy with potassium (eg, potassium phosphates). Obese patients and/or severe renal impairment were excluded from phosphate supplement trials.
There are no prospective studies of parenteral phosphate replacement in children. The following weight-based guidelines for adult dosing may be cautiously employed in pediatric patients. Guidelines differ based on degree of illness, use of TPN, and severity of hypophosphatemia. Note: 1 mmol phosphate = 31 mg phosphorus; 1 mg phosphorus = 0.032 mmol phosphate.
General replacement guidelines (Lentz, 1978):
Low dose, serum phosphorus losses are recent and uncomplicated: 0.08 mmol/kg over 6 hours
Intermediate dose, serum phosphorus level 0.5-1 mg/dL (0.16-0.32 mmol/L): 0.16-0.24 mmol/kg over 6 hours
Note: The initial dose may be increased by 25% to 50% if the patient is symptomatic secondary to hypophosphatemia and lowered by 25% to 50% if the patient is hypercalcemic.
Critically-ill adult patients receiving concurrent enteral/parenteral nutrition (Brown 2006; Clark 1995): Note: Round doses to the nearest 7.5 mmol for ease of preparation. If administering with phosphate-containing parenteral nutrition, do not exceed 15 mmol/L within parenteral nutrition. May use adjusted body weight for patients weighing >130% of ideal body weight (and BMI <40 kg/m2) by using [IBW + 0.25 (ABW-IBW)]:
Low dose, serum phosphorus level 2.3-3 mg/dL (0.74-0.96 mmol/L): 0.16-0.32 mmol/kg over 4-6 hours
Intermediate dose, serum phosphorus level 1.6-2.2 mg/dL (0.51-0.71 mmol/L): 0.32-0.64 mmol/kg over 4-6 hours
High dose, serum phosphorus <1.5 mg/dL (<0.5 mmol/L): 0.64-1 mmol/kg over 8-12 hours
Parenteral nutrition: IV:
Infants and Children: 0.5-2 mmol/kg/24 hours (Mirtallo, 2004 [ASPEN guidelines])
Children >50 kg and Adolescents: 10-40 mmol/24 hours (Mirtallo, 2004 [ASPEN guidelines])
Laxative (Fleet): Rectal:
Children 2-4 years: One-half contents of one 2.25 oz pediatric enema
Children 5-11 years: Contents of one 2.25 oz pediatric enema
Children ≥12 years: Refer to adult dosing.
Laxative: Oral solution:
Children 5-9 years: 7.5 mL as a single dose; maximum single daily dose: 7.5 mL
Children 10-11 years: 15 mL as a single dose; maximum single daily dose: 15 mL
Children ≥12 years: Refer to adult dosing.
No dosage adjustment provided in manufacturer 's labeling. Use with caution; ionized inorganic phosphate is excreted by the kidneys. Oral solution is contraindicated in patients with kidney disease.
No dosage adjustment provided in manufacturer 's labeling.
Solution for injection: In general, the dose, concentration of infusion, and rate of administration may be dependent on patient condition and specific institution policy. Intermittent infusion doses are typically prepared in 100-250 mL of NS or D5W (usual concentration range: 0.15-0.6 mmol/mL). Observe the vial for the presence of crystals. Do not use vial if crystals are present. Note: Due to the potential for solution crystallization, American Regent, Inc recommends the use of a 5 micron filter when preparing IV sodium phosphate containing solutions (Important Drug Safety Information, American Regent, 2013); a similar recommendation has not been noted by other manufacturers.
Administer by intermittent IV infusion; do not administer IV push. Must be diluted prior to parenteral administration. In general, the dose, concentration of infusion, and rate of administration may be dependent on patient condition and specific institution policy. For adult patients with severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia (ie, <1.5 mg/dL), may administer at rates up to 15 mmol/hour (Charron, 2003; Rosen, 1995). In patients with renal dysfunction and/or less severe hypophosphatemia, slower administration rates (eg, over 4 to 6 hours) or oral repletion is recommended. Note: Due to the potential for solution crystallization, American Regent, Inc recommends the use of a 0.22 micron in-line filter for IV administration (1.2 micron filter if admixture contains lipids) (Important Drug Safety Information, American Regent, 2013); a similar recommendation has not been noted by other manufacturers.
Bowel cleansing (oral tablets): Have patient drink 8 ounces of clear liquids with each dose of sodium phosphate; have patient rehydrate before and after colonoscopy. Clear liquids may include water, flavored water, pulp-free lemonade, ginger ale, or apple juice; purple or red colored liquids should be avoided.
Constipation (oral solution): Take on an empty stomach; dilute dose with 8 ounces cool water, then follow dose with 8 ounces water; do not repeat dose within 24 hours
Bowel cleansing: Should be taken on an empty stomach with clear liquids; a clear liquid diet should be used for 12 hours prior to and during tablet administration. Clear liquids may include water, flavored water, pulp-free lemonade, ginger ale, or apple juice; purple or red colored liquids should be avoided. Some products may contain phenylalanine and/or sodium.
Enema: Store at room temperature.
Oral solution: Store at room temperature.
Solution for injection: Store intact vials at 20 � �C to 25 � �C (68 � �F to 77 � �F); excursions permitted between 15 � �C and 30 � �C (59 � �F and 86 � �F).
Tablet: Store at 25 � �C (77 � �F); excursions permitted between 15 � �C and 30 � �C (59 � �F and 86 � �F).
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Injection, solution [concentrate; preservative free]: Phosphorus 3 mmol and sodium 4 mEq per 1 mL (5 mL, 15 mL, 50 mL) [equivalent to phosphorus 93 mg and sodium 92 mg per 1 mL; source of electrolytes: monobasic and dibasic sodium phosphate]
Solution, oral: Monobasic sodium phosphate monohydrate 2.4 g and dibasic sodium phosphate heptahydrate 0.9 g per 5 mL (45 mL) [sugar free; contains sodium 556 mg/5 mL, sodium benzoate; ginger-lemon flavor]
Solution, rectal [enema]: Monobasic sodium phosphate monohydrate 19 g and dibasic sodium phosphate heptahydrate 7 g per 118 mL delivered dose (133 mL)
Fleet Enema: Monobasic sodium phosphate monohydrate 19 g and dibasic sodium phosphate heptahydrate 7 g per 118 mL delivered dose (133 mL) [contains sodium 4.4 g/118 mL]
Fleet Enema Extra: Monobasic sodium phosphate monohydrate 19 g and dibasic sodium phosphate heptahydrate 7 g per 197 mL delivered dose (230 mL) [contains sodium 4.4 g/197 mL]
Fleet Pedia-Lax � � � Enema: Monobasic sodium phosphate monohydrate 9.5 g and dibasic sodium phosphate heptahydrate 3.5 g per 59 mL delivered dose (66 mL) [contains sodium 2.2 g/59 mL]
LaCrosse Complete: Monobasic sodium phosphate monohydrate 19 g and dibasic sodium phosphate heptahydrate 7 g per 118 mL delivered dose (133 mL) [contains sodium 4.4 g/118 mL]
Tablet, oral [scored]:
OsmoPrep: Monobasic sodium phosphate monohydrate 1.102 g and dibasic sodium phosphate anhydrous 0.398 g [sodium phosphate 1.5 g per tablet; gluten free]
Y-site administration: Incompatible with amiodarone.
ACE Inhibitors: May enhance the nephrotoxic effect of Sodium Phosphates. Specifically, the risk of acute phosphate nephropathy may be enhanced. Management: Consider avoiding this combination by temporarily suspending treatment with ACEIs, or seeking alternatives to oral sodium phosphate bowel preparation. If the combination cannot be avoided, maintain adequate hydration and monitor renal function closely. Consider therapy modification
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers: May enhance the nephrotoxic effect of Sodium Phosphates. Specifically, the risk of acute phosphate nephropathy may be enhanced. Management: Consider avoiding this combination by temporarily suspending treatment with ARBs, or seeking alternatives to oral sodium phosphate bowel preparation. If the combination cannot be avoided, maintain adequate hydration and monitor renal function closely. Consider therapy modification
Antacids: May decrease the absorption of Phosphate Supplements. Management: This applies only to oral phosphate administration. Separating administer of oral phosphate supplements from antacid administration by as long as possible may minimize the interaction. Consider therapy modification
Calcium Salts: May decrease the absorption of Phosphate Supplements. Management: This applies only to oral phosphate and calcium administration. Administering oral phosphate supplements as far apart from the administration of an oral calcium salt as possible may be able to minimize the significance of the interaction. Consider therapy modification
Diuretics: May enhance the nephrotoxic effect of Sodium Phosphates. Specifically, the risk of acute phosphate nephropathy may be enhanced. Management: Consider avoiding this combination by temporarily suspending treatment with diuretics, or seeking alternatives to oral sodium phosphate bowel preparation. If the combination cannot be avoided, hydrate adequately and monitor fluid and renal status. Consider therapy modification
Iron Salts: May decrease the absorption of Phosphate Supplements. Management: This applies only to oral phosphate and iron administration. Administer oral phosphate supplements at least 1 hour before, or 2 hours after, oral iron salt administration. Exceptions: Ferric Carboxymaltose; Ferric Gluconate; Ferric Hydroxide Polymaltose Complex; Ferric Pyrophosphate Citrate; Ferumoxytol; Iron Dextran Complex; Iron Sucrose. Consider therapy modification
Magnesium Salts: May decrease the serum concentration of Phosphate Supplements. Management: This applies only to oral phosphate and magnesium administration. Administer oral phosphate supplements at least 1 hour before, or 2 hours after, oral magnesium salt administration. Consider therapy modification
Multivitamins/Minerals (with ADEK, Folate, Iron): May decrease the serum concentration of Phosphate Supplements. Management: This applies only to oral phosphate and multivitamin administration. Administer oral phosphate supplements at least 1 hour before, or 2 hours after, administration of an iron-containing multivitamin. Consider therapy modification
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Sodium Phosphates may enhance the nephrotoxic effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Specifically, the risk of acute phosphate nephropathy may be enhanced. Management: Consider avoiding this combination by temporarily suspending treatment with NSAIDs, or seeking alternatives to oral sodium phosphate bowel preparation. If the combination cannot be avoided, maintain adequate hydration and monitor renal function closely. Consider therapy modification
Sucralfate: May decrease the absorption of Phosphate Supplements. Management: This applies only to oral phosphate administration. Administering oral phosphate supplements at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after administration of sucralfate may reduce the significance of the interaction. Consider therapy modification
Tricyclic Antidepressants: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Sodium Phosphates. Specifically, the risk of seizure and/or loss of consciousness may be increased in patients with significant sodium phosphate induced fluid/electrolyte abnormalities. Monitor therapy
IV: Serum calcium, sodium and phosphorus levels; renal function; after IV phosphate repletion, repeat serum phosphorus level should be checked 2-4 hours later
Oral: Bowel cleansing: Baseline and postprocedure labs (electrolytes, calcium, phosphorus, BUN, creatinine) in patients at risk for acute renal nephropathy, seizure, or who have a history of electrolyte abnormality; ECG in patients with risks for prolonged QT or arrhythmias. Ensure euvolemia before initiating bowel preparation.
Frequency not always defined.
Central nervous system: Dizziness, headache
Gastrointestinal: Bloating (31% to 47%), nausea (26% to 35%), abdominal pain (23% to 30%), vomiting (4% to 7%), mucosal bleeding, superficial mucosal ulcerations
Endocrine & metabolic: Hyperphosphatemia ( ≤96%), hypocalcemia (on colonoscopy day; 47%), hypophosphatemia (2-3 days postcolonoscopy; 34%), hypokalemia (on colonoscopy day; 28%), hypernatremia
Postmarketing and/or case reports (Limited to important or life-threatening): Acute phosphate nephropathy, anaphylaxis, bronchospasm, calcium nephrolithiasis, cardiac arrhythmia, dehydration, dysphagia, dyspnea, facial edema, increased blood urea nitrogen, increased serum creatinine, ischemic colitis, lip edema, paresthesia, pharyngeal edema, pruritus, rectal bleeding, renal failure, renal insufficiency, renal tubular necrosis, seizure, skin rash, tightness in throat, tongue edema, urticaria
Oral: Elimination of the large oral phosphate load may be impaired. Use with caution.
Oral: Plasma half-life is 2-fold higher in subjects older than 70 yr of age.
Concerns related to adverse effects:
- Nephropathy: [US Boxed Warning]: Acute phosphate nephropathy (APN) has been reported (rarely) with use of oral products as a colon cleanser prior to colonoscopy. Some cases have resulted in permanent renal impairment (some requiring dialysis). Risk factors for acute phosphate nephropathy may include increased age (>55 years of age), preexisting renal dysfunction, bowel obstruction, active colitis, or dehydration, and the use of medicines that affect renal perfusion or function (eg, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, diuretics, and possibly NSAIDs), although some cases have been reported in patients without apparent risk factors. Other preventive measures may include avoid exceeding maximum recommended doses and concurrent use of other laxatives containing sodium phosphate; encourage patients to adequately hydrate before, during, and after use; obtain baseline and postprocedure labs in patients at risk; consider hospitalization and intravenous hydration during bowel cleansing for patients unable to hydrate themselves (eg, frail patients). Use is contraindicated in patients with acute phosphate nephropathy (biopsy proven). APN has also been reported (rarely) following the use of sodium phosphate enemas. This has been primarily observed in elderly patients with and without preexisting renal impairment and with those receiving standard or doses exceeding usual doses (Ori 2012).
- QT prolongation: Prolongation of the QT interval has been reported (associated with hypokalemia, hypocalcemia).
Disease-related concerns:
- Cardiovascular: Use caution in patients with heart failure (contraindicated with enema products), unstable angina, history of myocardial infarction arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy; use caution in patients with or at risk for arrhythmias (eg, cardiomyopathy, prolonged QT interval, history of uncontrolled arrhythmias, recent MI) or with concurrent use of other QT-prolonging medications; pre-/postdose ECGs should be considered in high-risk patients.
- Electrolyte disturbances: Use with caution in patients with pre-existing electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, or risk of electrolyte disturbance (hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypernatremia). Correct dehydration prior to using for bowel preparations.
- Gastrointestinal disorders: Use caution in patients with any of the following: Gastric retention or hypomotility, ileus, severe, chronic constipation, or colitis. Use is contraindicated in patients with bowel obstruction (including pseudo) or perforation, congenital megacolon, gastric bypass or bariatric surgery, toxic colitis, or toxic megacolon.
- Inflammatory bowel disease: Use with caution in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease or severe active ulcerative colitis; may induce colonic aphthous ulceration and ischemic colitis (some requiring hospitalization). Colitis has been associated with acute phosphate nephropathy.
- Renal impairment: Use with caution in patients with renal impairment; patients may be at risk for sodium retention and edema. Close monitoring required to avoid hyperphosphatemia.
- Seizure disorder: Use with caution in patients with a history of seizures, those at higher risk of seizures or on medication that lowers seizure threshold.
Special populations:
- Bulimia nervosa patients: Laxatives and purgatives have the potential for abuse by bulimia nervosa patients.
- Debilitated patients: Use with caution in debilitated patients; consider each patient 's ability to hydrate properly.
- Elderly: Use with caution in the elderly; ensure they are able to hydrate themselves if using for bowel preparation.
- Impaired gag reflex: Use with caution in patients with impaired gag reflex and those prone to regurgitation or aspiration.
Dosage form specific issues:
- Aluminum: The parenteral product may contain aluminum; toxic aluminum concentrations may be seen with high doses, prolonged use, or renal dysfunction. Premature neonates are at higher risk due to immature renal function and aluminum intake from other parenteral sources. Parenteral aluminum exposure of >4 to 5 mcg/kg/day is associated with CNS and bone toxicity; tissue loading may occur at lower doses (Federal Register, 2002). See manufacturer 's labeling.
- Benzyl alcohol and derivatives: Some dosage forms may contain sodium benzoate/benzoic acid; benzoic acid (benzoate) is a metabolite of benzyl alcohol; large amounts of benzyl alcohol ( ≥99 mg/kg/day) have been associated with a potentially fatal toxicity ( "gasping syndrome " �) in neonates; the "gasping syndrome " � consists of metabolic acidosis, respiratory distress, gasping respirations, CNS dysfunction (including convulsions, intracranial hemorrhage), hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse (AAP [Inactive" 1997]; CDC, 1982); some data suggests that benzoate displaces bilirubin from protein binding sites (Ahlfors, 2001); avoid or use dosage forms containing benzyl alcohol derivative with caution in neonates. See manufacturer 's labeling.
- Enemas/oral solutions: Available in pediatric and adult sizes; prescribe by "volume " � not by "bottle. " �
Other warnings/precautions:
- Bowel evacuation: Appropriate use: If using as a bowel evacuant, correct electrolyte abnormalities before administration. Ensure adequate clear liquid intake prior to and during bowel evacuation regimens; inadequate fluid intake may lead to excessive fluid loss and hypovolemia. Other oral medications may not be well absorbed when given during bowel evacuation because of rapid intestinal peristalsis.
- Constipation: Appropriate use: Rare but potentially serious adverse effects (including death) may occur when exceeding recommended doses of over-the-counter (OTC) sodium phosphate preparations to treat constipation. Severe dehydration and alterations in serum electrolytes (eg, calcium, sodium, phosphate) leading to renal/cardiac adverse effects have been reported, mostly when single maximum doses were exceeded or when more than 1 dose was taken per day. Patients should be advised to adhere to the product labeling and not exceed maximum recommended doses. Health care providers should use caution when recommending doses for oral sodium phosphate preparations for children younger than 5 years of age. Rectal preparations should never be administered to children younger than 2 years of age (FDA Drug Safety Communication, 2014).
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Reproduction studies have not been conducted with these products. Use with caution in pregnant women.
As a laxative, exerts osmotic effect in the small intestine by drawing water into the lumen of the gut, producing distention and promoting peristalsis and evacuation of the bowel; phosphorous participates in bone deposition, calcium metabolism, utilization of B complex vitamins, and as a buffer in acid-base equilibrium
Oral: ~1% to 20%
Oral forms excreted in feces; IV forms are excreted in the urine with over 80% to 90% of dose reabsorbed by the kidney
Cathartic: 3 to 6 hours; Rectal: 2 to 5 minutes
- Discuss specific use of drug and side effects with patient as it relates to treatment. (HCAHPS: During this hospital stay, were you given any medicine that you had not taken before? Before giving you any new medicine, how often did hospital staff tell you what the medicine was for? How often did hospital staff describe possible side effects in a way you could understand?)
- Patient may experience dizziness or tablet in stool. Have patient report immediately to prescriber signs of fluid and electrolyte problems (mood changes, confusion, muscle pain or weakness, abnormal heartbeat, very bad dizziness or passing out, fast heartbeat, more thirst, seizures, feeling very tired or weak, not hungry, unable to pass urine or change in the amount of urine produced, dry mouth, dry eyes, nausea, or vomiting), signs of kidney problems (urinary retention, blood in urine, change in amount of urine passed, or weight gain), severe abdominal cramps or bloating, severe abdominal pain, severe headache, severe nausea, vomiting, angina, or tachycardia (HCAHPS).
- Educate patient about signs of a significant reaction (eg, wheezing; chest tightness; fever; itching; bad cough; blue skin color; seizures; or swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat). Note: This is not a comprehensive list of all side effects. Patient should consult prescriber for additional questions.
Intended Use and Disclaimer: Should not be printed and given to patients. This information is intended to serve as a concise initial reference for healthcare professionals to use when discussing medications with a patient. You must ultimately rely on your own discretion, experience and judgment in diagnosing, treating and advising patients.