(SEF a klor)
Acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (extended-release tablets only): Treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis due to Haemophilus influenzae (excluding beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant strains only), Moraxella catarrhalis, or Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Lower respiratory tract infections (capsules and oral suspension only): Treatment of lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia, caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and Streptococcus pyogenes.
Otitis media (capsules and oral suspension only): Treatment of otitis media caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, staphylococci, and S. pyogenes.
Pharyngitis and tonsillitis: Treatment of pharyngitis and tonsillitis due to S. pyogenes.
Secondary bacterial infections of acute bronchitis (extended-release tablets only): Treatment of secondary bacterial infections of acute bronchitis due to H. influenzae (excluding beta-lactamase negative, ampicillin-resistant strains), M. catarrhalis, or S. pneumoniae.
Skin and skin structure infections, uncomplicated: Treatment of uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections due to Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible) or S. pyogenes (capsules and oral suspension only).
Urinary tract infections (capsules and oral suspension only): Treatment of urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis and cystitis, caused by Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella spp, and coagulase-negative staphylococci.
Hypersensitivity to cefaclor, any component of the formulation, or other cephalosporins
Treatment of susceptible infections: Oral:
Immediate-release: 250 to 500 mg every 8 hours
Extended-release: 500 mg every 12 hours
Indication-specific dosing:Note: An extended-release tablet dose of 500 mg twice daily is clinically equivalent to an immediate-release capsule dose of 250 mg 3 times daily; an extended-release tablet dose of 500 mg twice daily is NOT clinically equivalent to 500 mg 3 times daily of other cefaclor formulations.
Acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: Oral: Extended-release: 500 mg every 12 hours for 7 days
Secondary bacterial infection of acute bronchitis: Oral: Extended-release: 500 mg every 12 hours for 7 days
Refer to adult dosing.
Treatment of susceptible infections: Usual dosage range:
Infants ≥1 month, Children, and Adolescents: Oral: Immediate-release: 20 to 40 mg/kg/day divided every 8 to 12 hours; maximum dose: 1,000 mg/day
Adolescents ≥16 years: Oral: Extended-release: 500 mg every 12 hours
Indication-specific dosing:
Infants >1 month, Children, and Adolescents:
Lower respiratory tract infections: Oral: Immediate-release: 20 to 40 mg/kg/day divided every 8 hours (maximum dose: 1,000 mg/day). If beta-hemolytic streptococcus/S. pyogenes suspected, treat for at least 10 days.
Otitis media: Oral: Immediate-release: 40 mg/kg/day divided every 12 hours (maximum dose: 1,000 mg/day). If beta-hemolytic streptococcus/S. pyogenes suspected, treat for at least 10 days.
Pharyngitis/tonsillitis: Oral: Immediate-release: 20 mg/kg/day divided every 12 hours (maximum dose: 1,000 mg/day). If beta-hemolytic streptococcus/S. pyogenes confirmed, treat for at least 10 days. Note: Not a preferred drug (Shulman 2012).
Skin and skin structure infections, uncomplicated: Oral: Immediate-release: 20 to 40 mg/kg/day divided every 8 hours (maximum dose: 1,000 mg/day). If due to beta-hemolytic streptococcus/S. pyogenes, treat for at least 10 days.
Urinary tract infections: Oral: Immediate-release: 20 to 40 mg/kg/day divided every 8 hours (maximum dose: 1,000 mg/day).
Adolescents ≥16 years: Note: An extended-release tablet dose of 500 mg twice daily is clinically equivalent to an immediate-release capsule dose of 250 mg 3 times daily; an extended-release tablet dose of 500 mg twice daily is NOT clinically equivalent to 500 mg 3 times daily of other cefaclor formulations.
Acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: Oral: Extended-release: 500 mg every 12 hours for 7 days
Secondary bacterial infection of acute bronchitis: Oral: Extended-release: 500 mg every 12 hours for 7 days
Manufacturer 's labeling:
Oral, immediate-release: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturers labeling; however, half-life is increased in anuric patients; use with caution.
Oral, extended-release: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer 's labeling.
Dialysis: Moderately dialyzable (20% to 50%)
Alternative recommendations (off-label dosing) (Aronoff 2007):
Adults: Oral, immediate-release:
Mild to severe impairment: No dosage adjustment necessary.
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) on intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) (administer after hemodialysis on dialysis days): Supplement with 250 to 500 mg after dialysis.
Peritoneal dialysis: Administer 250 to 500 mg every 8 hours.
Infants, Children and Adolescents: Oral, immediate-release:
GFR ≥10 mL/minute: No dosage adjustment necessary.
GFR <10 mL/minute: Administer 50% of the recommended dose (based on indication)
End-stage renal disease (ERD) on intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) (supplemental dose post-hemodialysis needed): Administer 50% of the recommended dose (based on indication).
Peritoneal dialysis: Administer 50% of the recommended dose (based on indication).
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer 's labeling.
Oral suspension: Refer to manufacturer 's product labeling for reconstitution instructions. Shake well.
Oral: Administer around-the-clock to promote less variation in peak and trough serum levels.
Capsules and oral suspension: Administer without regard to meals; shake oral suspension well before using
Extended release tablets: Do not chew, crush, or split; administer with or within 1 hour of food.
Extended release tablets should be taken with or within 1 hour of food.
Store at 20 � �C to 25 � �C (68 � �F to 77 � �F). Refrigerate suspension after reconstitution and discard after 14 days.
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Capsule, Oral:
Generic: 250 mg, 500 mg
Suspension Reconstituted, Oral:
Generic: 125 mg/5 mL (150 mL); 250 mg/5 mL (150 mL); 375 mg/5 mL (100 mL)
Tablet Extended Release 12 Hour, Oral:
Generic: 500 mg
Aminoglycosides: Cephalosporins (2nd Generation) may enhance the nephrotoxic effect of Aminoglycosides. Monitor therapy
BCG (Intravesical): Antibiotics may diminish the therapeutic effect of BCG (Intravesical). Avoid combination
BCG Vaccine (Immunization): Antibiotics may diminish the therapeutic effect of BCG Vaccine (Immunization). Monitor therapy
Cholera Vaccine: Antibiotics may diminish the therapeutic effect of Cholera Vaccine. Avoid combination
Lactobacillus and Estriol: Antibiotics may diminish the therapeutic effect of Lactobacillus and Estriol. Monitor therapy
Probenecid: May increase the serum concentration of Cephalosporins. Monitor therapy
Sodium Picosulfate: Antibiotics may diminish the therapeutic effect of Sodium Picosulfate. Management: Consider using an alternative product for bowel cleansing prior to a colonoscopy in patients who have recently used or are concurrently using an antibiotic. Consider therapy modification
Teriflunomide: May increase the serum concentration of OAT3 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Typhoid Vaccine: Antibiotics may diminish the therapeutic effect of Typhoid Vaccine. Only the live attenuated Ty21a strain is affected. Management: Vaccination with live attenuated typhoid vaccine (Ty21a) should be avoided in patients being treated with systemic antibacterial agents. Use of this vaccine should be postponed until at least 3 days after cessation of antibacterial agents. Consider therapy modification
Vitamin K Antagonists (eg, warfarin): Cephalosporins may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Vitamin K Antagonists. Monitor therapy
Monitor renal function. Observe for signs of anaphylaxis during first dose.
Positive direct Coombs, false-positive urinary glucose test using cupric sulfate (Benedict's solution, Clinitest, Fehling's solution).
1% to 10%:
Dermatologic: Rash (1% to 2%; includes erythematous rash, maculopapular rash, or morbilliform rash)
Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (3%)
Genitourinary: Vaginitis (2%), vulvovaginal candidiasis (2%)
Hematologic & oncologic: Eosinophilia (2%)
Hepatic: Increased serum transaminases (3%)
<1% (Limited to important or life-threatening): Agitation, agranulocytosis, anaphylaxis, angioedema, aplastic anemia, arthralgia, cholestatic jaundice, confusion, dizziness, drowsiness, hallucination, hemolytic anemia, hepatitis, hyperactivity, insomnia, interstitial nephritis, irritability, nausea, nervousness, neutropenia, paresthesia, prolonged prothrombin time, pruritus, pseudomembranous colitis, seizure, serum sickness, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, thrombocytopenia, toxic epidermal necrolysis, urticaria, vomiting
Concerns related to adverse effects:
- Hypersensitivity: Anaphylactic reactions have occurred. If a serious hypersensitivity reaction occurs, discontinue and institute emergency supportive measures, including airway management and treatment (eg, epinephrine, antihistamines, and/or corticosteroids).
- Penicillin allergy: Use with caution in patients with a history of penicillin allergy.
- Superinfection: Prolonged use may result in fungal or bacterial superinfection, including C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) and pseudomembranous colitis; CDAD has been observed >2 months postantibiotic treatment.
Disease-related concerns:
- Gastrointestinal disease: Use with caution in patients with a history of gastrointestinal disease, particularly colitis.
- H. influenzae infections: Beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant (BLNAR) strains of H. influenzae should be considered resistant to cefaclor.
- Renal impairment: Use with caution in patients with renal impairment.
Concurrent drug therapy issues:
- Drug-drug interactions: Potentially significant interactions may exist, requiring dose or frequency adjustment, additional monitoring, and/or selection of alternative therapy. Consult drug interactions database for more detailed information.
Dosage form specific issues:
- Benzyl alcohol and derivatives: Some dosage forms may contain sodium benzoate/benzoic acid; benzoic acid (benzoate) is a metabolite of benzyl alcohol; large amounts of benzyl alcohol ( ≥99 mg/kg/day) have been associated with a potentially fatal toxicity ( "gasping syndrome " �) in neonates; the "gasping syndrome " � consists of metabolic acidosis, respiratory distress, gasping respirations, CNS dysfunction (including convulsions, intracranial hemorrhage), hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse (AAP [Inactive" 1997]; CDC, 1982); some data suggests that benzoate displaces bilirubin from protein binding sites (Ahlfors, 2001); avoid or use dosage forms containing benzyl alcohol derivative with caution in neonates. See manufacturer 's labeling.
- Extended-release tablet: An extended-release tablet dose of 500 mg twice daily is clinically equivalent to an immediate-release capsule dose of 250 mg 3 times daily; an extended-release tablet dose of 500 mg twice daily is NOT clinically equivalent to 500 mg 3 times daily of other cefaclor formulations.
B
Adverse events were not observed in animal reproduction studies. An increased risk of teratogenic effects has not been observed following maternal use of cefaclor.
Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to one or more of the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which in turn inhibits the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls, thus inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis. Bacteria eventually lyse due to ongoing activity of cell wall autolytic enzymes (autolysins and murein hydrolases) while cell wall assembly is arrested.
Oral: Well absorbed; acid stable
Distributes into tissues and fluids including bone, pleural and synovial fluid
Urine (60% to 85% as unchanged drug)
Capsules, oral suspension: 30 to 60 minutes; Extended-release tablets: 2.5 hours
0.6 to 0.9 hours; prolonged with renal impairment (2.3 to 2.8 hours in anuria)
25% (Aronoff 2007)
- Discuss specific use of drug and side effects with patient as it relates to treatment. (HCAHPS: During this hospital stay, were you given any medicine that you had not taken before? Before giving you any new medicine, how often did hospital staff tell you what the medicine was for? How often did hospital staff describe possible side effects in a way you could understand?)
- Patient may experience diarrhea. Have patient report immediately to prescriber bruising, bleeding, seizures, chills, pharyngitis, severe loss of strength and energy, severe dizziness, passing out, burning or numbness feeling, urinary retention, change in amount of urine passed, vaginitis, or signs of Clostridium difficile (C. diff)-associated diarrhea (stomach pain or cramps, very loose or watery stools, or bloody stools) (HCAHPS).
- Educate patient about signs of a significant reaction (eg, wheezing; chest tightness; fever; itching; bad cough; blue skin color; seizures; or swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat). Note: This is not a comprehensive list of all side effects. Patient should consult prescriber for additional questions.
Intended Use and Disclaimer: Should not be printed and given to patients. This information is intended to serve as a concise initial reference for healthcare professionals to use when discussing medications with a patient. You must ultimately rely on your own discretion, experience and judgment in diagnosing, treating and advising patients.