Elements in the periodic table that form cations due to electron loss when ionized. Metals with a high relative atomic mass and a density >5 g/cm3, which include aluminum, arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, copper, selenium, thallium, and zinc
Normal range:
Aluminum: <10 ng/mL (serum)
Arsenic: <13 ng/mL (blood)
Cadmium: <5 ng/mL (blood)
Copper: <10 ng/mL (serum/plasma)
Lead: <10 Ž ¼g/dL (blood); <5 Ž ¼g/dL (blood) for children under 6 years
Mercury: <10 ng/mL blood
Selenium: 58 " “234 ng/mL blood
Thallium: <10 ng/mL serum
Zinc: 0.6 " “1.2 Ž ¼g/mL plasma
Use
Many are naturally occurring in the environment (soil, air, water) and human body.
Depending on the metal, heavy metals have widespread use in consumer products such as cooking utensils, cosmetics, pharmaceutical products, packing materials, insecticides, wood products, batteries, computer chips, semiconductor industry, military, barometers, gauges, wiring, paint, fungicides, preservatives, canning industry, glass, plastic, ceramics, smelting, and refining and construction industries.
Limitations
Typically, whole blood, free of clots, is tested. (Note exceptions above under normal range.)
Specimen must be collected using a procedure that minimizes environmental contamination. Specimen container must be trace-element free (e.g., royal blue sodium EDTA tube).