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Hallucinogens

See Amphetamines, Cannabis sativa.

Definition

  • Drugs that are capable of altering perception of reality, also known as psychotomimetic drugs. Although many drugs (e.g., anticholinergics, cocaine) can induce delusions and/or hallucinations, this class has the capacity to reliably induce states of altered perception, feeling, and thought.
  • Other names: Ketamine: 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methyl-amino) cyclohexanone Phencyclidine: PCP, 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl) piperidine, angel dust, elephant tranquilizer, peace pill, Sherman, T d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): 9,10-d-N,N-diethyl-6-methylergoline-8b-carboxamide, microdots, window pane
  • Normal range: ketamine: 500 " 2,000 ng/mL plasma [IV administration]; PCP/LSD: not available

Use

  • Ketamine: induction of anesthesia
  • Phencyclidine: no current medical use in the United States; abused as a hallucinogen
  • LSD: no current medical use in the United States; abused as a hallucinogen

Limitations

  • LSD unstable in light, elevated temperature, and alkaline conditions and may irreversibly adsorb to containers.
  • Screening: individual drug-specific tests required; immunoassay based on automated chemistry analyzers using blood/serum/urine Ketamine No tests currently available by immunoassay TLC procedures have a high limit of detection of approximately 1,000 ng/mL. See confirmation: readily detected with alkaline liquid " liquid or solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography or GC/MS analysis. PCP Tests available from multiple manufacturers Target; PCP Limit of quantitation: 25 ng/mL [urine]; 2 " 10 ng/mL [blood/serum] Little to no cross-reactivity with PCP metabolites and varying cross- reactivity (20 " 90%) with PCP analogs [e.g., TCP-1-(1-thiophenecyclohexyl) piperidine] May cross react with dextromethorphan LSD Target: d-LSD Limit of quantitation: 0.5 ng/mL Low (<20%) cross-reactivity with metabolites, no cross-reactivity with lysergic acid
  • Confirmation: chromatography based; sample pretreatment/extraction procedure often required Ketamine [blood/serum/urine] Gas chromatography HPLC GC/MS Target analyte: ketamine Limit of quantitation: 25 " 50 ng/mL PCP [blood/serum/urine] Gas chromatography HPLC GC/MS Target analyte: PCP Limit of quantitation: 10 " 50 ng/mL LSD [blood/serum/urine] LC/MS LC/MS/MS Target analytes; d-LSD, hydroxy-LSD, 2-oxo-LSD, 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD, N-desmethyl-LSD Limit of quantitation: 0.5 " 2 ng/mL Multiple identified and unidentified metabolites formed, resulting in a low confirmation rate for LSD of positive-screened specimens