Definition and use
- Flow cytometry is a powerful tool for detailed analysis of complex populations in a short period of time. It integrates fluidics, optics, electronics, computer, software, and laser technologies in a single platform. It uses the principles of light scattering, light excitation, and emission of fluorochrome molecules to generate specific multiparameter data from particles and cells. Parameters measured by flow cytometry include intrinsic properties, such as forward scatter and side scatter, and extrinsic properties. Flow cytometric analysis has become a routine test in the diagnosis of hematologic diseases, including leukemias, lymphomas, plasma cell neoplasms, myeloproliferative neoplasms, myelodysplastic syndromes, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemolysis. Flow cytometric analysis can also be utilized in immunology, DNA analysis, and evaluation of genetic disorders. In addition, flow cytometric analysis can be used not only for diagnosis but also for disease prognosis and disease follow-up. A variety of clinical samples can be analyzed by flow cytometry, and they include peripheral blood, bone marrow aspirate, serous cavity fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, fine needle aspirate, and solid tissue.
- It is important to know about the commonly used immunologic markers and the design and utilization of flow cytometric panels in a variety of hematologic diseases, such as acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma, plasma cell neoplasm, paroxysmal nocturnal hemolysis, and myelodysplastic syndrome. Panel design is a critical step in flow cytometric analysis, and flow cytometric panels are designed to discern cell lineage, level of cell differentiation, and in many cases subclassification of the neoplasm being studied. Below are two tables with commonly used flow cytometry immunologic markers, which can provide practical guidelines to effective use of flow cytometric technology in the clinical laboratory. For specific flow cytometric findings in particular diseases, please refer to Chapter of "Hematologic Diseases. " ¯
‚
Useful Flow Cytometric Immunologic Markers in Hematologic NeoplasmsView LargeUseful Flow Cytometric Immunologic Markers in Hematologic Neoplasms Markers Useful in B-Cell Neoplasms Markers Useful in T-Cell Neoplasms Markers Useful in Plasma Cell Neoplasms Markers Useful in Myeloid/Monocytic Neoplasms CD19CD20CD22CD79aCD5CD23CD10CD11cCD103CD25FMC7Kappa light chainLambda light chainTdTCD34 CD1aCD2CD3CD5CD7CD4CD8CD25CD16CD56CD57TdTCD34 CD38CD138CD56CD117Kappa light chainLambda light chainCD19CD20 CD13CD33CD117CD15CD14CD64CD11bCD235aCD41CD61MyeloperoxidaseCD45CD34
‚
Commonly Used Cluster of Differentiation (CD) AntigensView LargeCommonly Used Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Antigens Cluster Synonyms Family and Function Normal Hematopoietic Cell Distribution CD1a " “e Ig superfamilyHLA class I " “likeNonpeptide and glycolipid antigen presentation Thymocytes dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, other antigen-presenting cells, some B cells CD2 Leukocyte function antigen (LFA)-2 Ig superfamilyT-cell activation regulation Thymocytes T cells, NK cells, thymic B cells, B-cell subset CD3 Ig superfamilyTCR signal transduction Thymocytes, T cells CD4 Ig superfamilyT-cell receptor costimulatory molecule, HIV receptor Stem cells, thymocytes, T cells, monocytes/macrophages CD5 Scavenger receptor superfamilyT-cell costimulatory molecule Thymocytes, T cells, B-cell subsets CD7 Ig superfamilyCostimulatory molecule Stem cells, thymocytes, T cells, NK cells CD8 Ig superfamilyCostimulatory molecule Thymocytes, T cells, NK cells CD10 Common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) B-cell growth regulationNeutral endopeptidase Pre-B cells, germinal center B cells, granulocytes CD11b Macrophage-1 antigen (Mac-1)α chain CAM familyAdhesion, chemotaxis, neutrophil activation, C3bi receptor Granulocytes, monocytes, NK cells, T- and B-cell subsets CD11c Complement receptor (CR) 4α chain CAM familyAdhesion, costimulation Monocytes/macrophages, granulocytes, NK cells, T- and B-cell subsets, dendritic cells CD13 Alanyl (membrane) aminopeptidase (ANPEP) Zinc metallopeptidaseCoronavirus receptor, CMV infection Granulocyte and monocyte lineage CD14 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor Monocyte and granulocyte activation Monocytes/macrophages, granulocytes CD15 Lewis X Adhesion cell rolling Monocytes, granulocytes CD16 Fc ˇ ³RIII Ig superfamilyIgG Fc receptor NK cells, granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, T-cell subsets CD19 Ig superfamilySignal transduction for B-cell maturation, differentiation, and activation B-cell lineage CD20 Tetraspanin familyB-cell activation, Ca++ channel and proliferation B-cell lineage CD21 Complement receptor (CR) 2 Regulator of complement activation (RCA) familyRegulator of complement activation, Epstein-Barr virus receptor, B-cell activation Mature resting B cells, mantle and marginal zone B cells, follicular dendritic cells, thymocyte subsets CD22 Ig superfamilyB-cell adhesion and costimulation B-cell lineage CD23 Fc ˇ µRII Sialoadhesion, Ig superfamilyIgE synthesis regulation, low-affinity IgE Fc receptor B cells, monocytes, dendritic cells CD25 IL-2 receptorα chain, T-cell activation Activated T cells, B cells, monocytes/macrophages CD30 TNF receptor superfamilyNegative T-cell selection in thymusInvolved in TCR-mediated cell death Activated T, B, and NK cells, monocytes CD33 Ig superfamilyCarbohydrate binding/lectin Myeloid and monocyte lineage including progenitors CD34 Sialomucin familyCell " “cell adhesion Hematopoietic stem cells CD38 Regulation of cell activation and proliferationAdhesion Progenitor and activated hematopoietic cells, plasma cells CD41 Glycoprotein IIb (GPIIb) Integrin familyPlatelet aggregation Platelets and megakaryocytes CD45 Leukocyte common antigen (LCA) T and B antigen receptor costimulatory molecule Hematopoietic cells, differential isoform expression on T- and B-cell subsets CD56 Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) Ig superfamilyCell " “cell adhesion NK cells, T-cell subsets CD57 Unknown NK cells, T-cell subsets CD61 Glycoprotein IIIa (GPIIIa) Integrin familyPlatelet activation and aggregation, cell " “matrix adhesion Platelets and megakaryocytes CD68 Scavenger receptor family Macrophages CD71 Transferrin receptor Iron uptake Erythroid precursors CD79a Antigen receptor signal transduction B-cell lineage and plasma cells CD103 Type I transmembrane proteinT-cell adhesion in intestinal epithelium Intraepithelial lymphocytes, activated T cells, mast cells, monocytes CD117 c-kit Type III tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor family, Ig superfamilyStem cell factor binding and signaling CD34+ stem cells, myeloblasts, promyelocytes, monoblasts, erythroblasts, megakaryoblasts, mast cells CD123 IL-3R ˇ ² Type I cytokine receptor familyBinding subunit for IL-3, growth, and differentiation of myeloid cells Myeloid cells, progenitor cells, NK cells, B-cell subsets CD138 Syndecan-1 Syndecan proteoglycan familyExtracellular matrix adhesion Pre-B cells, plasma cells CD158e,i,k Killer cell immunoglobulin " “like receptor (KIR) family Ig superfamilyInhibition of NK lysis via MHC I binding NK cells, T-cell subsets CD163 Scavenger receptor superfamilyMacrophage differentiation/activation Macrophages CD235a Glycophorin A Type I transmembrane proteinMN blood group determinant Erythrocytes