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Chloride, Urine


Definition


  • Chloride is reabsorbed with sodium throughout the nephron. Because of its relationship with other electrolytes, urinary chloride results can be used to help assess volume status, salt intake, and causes of hypokalemia and to aid in the diagnosis of renal tubular acidosis (RTA). Approximately 30% of hypovolemic patients have >15 mmol/L difference between urine sodium and chloride concentrations. This is due to the excretion of sodium with another anion (such as bicarbonate, HCO3 ¢ ˆ ’) or to the excretion of chloride with another cation (such as ammonium, NH4+). The normal response to acidemia is to increase urinary acid excretion, primarily NH4+. When urine NH4+ levels are high, the urine anion gap [(Na + K) ¢ ˆ ’ Cl] will have a negative value, since chloride levels will exceed that of Na and K by the approximate amount of NH4+ in the urine. Therefore, the urine chloride concentration may be inappropriately high in diarrhea-induced hypovolemia because of the need to maintain the electroneutrality as NH4+ excretion is enhanced.
  • Normal range: see Table 16.18.

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TABLE 16 " “18Normal Values for Urine ChlorideView LargeTABLE 16 " “18Normal Values for Urine Chloride 24-h Urine mmol/d Male " ƒ<10 y 36 " “110 " ƒ10 " “14 y 64 " “176 " ƒ>14 y 110 " “250 " ƒ>60 y 95 " “195 Female " ƒ<10 y 18 " “74 " ƒ10 " “14 y 36 " “173 " ƒ>14 y 110 " “250 " ƒ>60 y 95 " “195 Random urine mmol/g creatinine Male 25 " “253 Female 39 " “348

Use


  • Assess volume status, salt intake, and causes of hypokalemia. It is helpful to measure urine chloride concentration in a patient who seems to be volume depleted but has a somewhat elevated urine sodium concentration.
  • Aid in the diagnosis of RTA.
  • Evaluate electrolyte composition of urine and acid " “base balance studies. It is helpful to measure urine chloride in patients with a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis. In the absence of renal failure, this may be due to diarrhea or one of the forms of RTA.

Interpretation


Increased In


  • Postmenstrual diuresis
  • Massive diuresis from any cause
  • Salt-losing nephritis
  • Potassium depletion
  • Adrenocortical insufficiency
  • Tubulointerstitial disease
  • Batter syndrome

Decreased In


  • Premenstrual salt and water retention
  • Excessive extrarenal chloride loss
  • Adrenocortical hyperfunction
  • Postoperative chloride retention

Limitations


  • Urine chloride excretion approximates the dietary intake.
  • Bromides can cause falsely elevated results.
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