(TET a nus i MYUN GLOB yoo lin HYU man)
Tetanus prophylaxis: For prophylaxis against tetanus following injury in patients whose immunization is incomplete or uncertain
Tetanus treatment: Treatment of active tetanus
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends passive immunization with TIG for the following:
- Persons with a wound that is not clean or minor and who have received ≤2 or an unknown number of adsorbed tetanus toxoid doses (CDC 55[RR3] 2006; CDC 55[RR17] 2006).
- Persons who are wounded in bombings or similar mass casualty events if no reliable history of completed primary vaccination with tetanus exists. In case of shortage, use should be reserved for persons ≥60 years of age and immigrants from regions other than Europe or North America (CDC 57[RR6] 2008).
There are no contraindications listed in the manufacturer 's labeling.
Tetanus, prophylaxis: IM: 250 units
Tetanus, treatment: IM: 3,000 to 6,000 units. Infiltration of part of the dose around the wound is recommended (MMWR 2015; Red Book [AAP 2015]). Some experts recommend a lower 500 unit dose which appears to be as effective as higher doses and may cause less discomfort (Red Book [AAP 2015]; WHO 2010).
Tetanus prophylaxis in wound management: IM: Tetanus prophylaxis in patients with wounds should based on if the wound is clean or contaminated and the immunization status of the patient. Would management includes proper use of tetanus toxoid and/or tetanus immune globulin (TIG), wound cleaning, and (if required) surgical debridement and the proper use of antibiotics. Patients with an uncertain or incomplete tetanus immunization status should have additional follow up to ensure a series is completed. Patients with a history of Arthus reaction following a previous dose of a tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine should not receive a tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine until >10 years after the most recent dose even if they have a wound that is neither clean nor minor. See table.
Tetanus Prophylaxis in Wound ManagementHistory of Tetanus Immunization Doses
Clean, Minor Wounds
All Other Wounds1
Tetanus Toxoid2
TIG
Tetanus Toxoid2
TIG
1Such as, but not limited to, wounds contaminated with dirt, feces, soil, and saliva; puncture wounds; wounds from crushing, tears, burns, and frostbite.
2Tetanus toxoid in this chart refers to a tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine. For children <7 years of age, DTaP (DT, if pertussis vaccine contraindicated) is preferred to tetanus toxoid alone. For children ≥7 years and Adults, Td preferred to tetanus toxoid alone; Tdap may be preferred if the patient has not previously been vaccinated with Tdap.
3Yes, if ≥10 years since last dose.
4Yes, if ≥5 years since last dose.
Adapted from CDC Pink Book," " Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, Tetanus" (available at http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html) and MMWR 2006, 55(RR-17).
Abbreviations: DT = Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids (formulation for age ≤6 years); DTaP = Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids, and Acellular Pertussis (formulation for age ≤6 years; Daptacel, Infanrix); Td = Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids (formulation for age ≥7 years; Decavac,Tenivac); TT= Tetanus toxoid (adsorbed [formulation for age ≥7 years]); Tdap = Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids, and Acellular Pertussis (Adacel or Boostrix [formulations for age ≥7 years]); TIG = Tetanus Immune Globulin
Uncertain or <3 doses
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
3 or more doses
No3
No
No4
No
Table has been converted to the following text.
Tetanus Prophylaxis in Wound Management
History of tetanus immunization: Uncertain or <3 doses
Clean, minor wounds: Administer a tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine.
Infants and Children <7 years of age: DTaP (DT, if pertussis vaccine contraindicated) is preferred to tetanus toxoid alone.
Children ≥7 years of age, Adolescents, and Adults: Td preferred to tetanus toxoid alone; Tdap may be preferred if the patient has not previously been vaccinated with Tdap.
Other wounds (such as, but not limited to, wounds contaminated with dirt, feces, soil, and saliva; puncture wounds; wounds from crushing, tears, burns, and frostbite): Administer a tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine and TIG.
Infants and Children <7 years of age: DTaP (DT, if pertussis vaccine contraindicated) is preferred to tetanus toxoid alone.
Children ≥7 years of age, Adolescents, and Adults: Td preferred to tetanus toxoid alone; Tdap may be preferred if the patient has not previously been vaccinated with Tdap.
History of tetanus immunization: Three or more doses
Clean, minor wounds: Administer a tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine if ≥10 years since last dose.
Infants and Children <7 years of age: DTaP (DT, if pertussis vaccine contraindicated) is preferred to tetanus toxoid alone.
Children ≥7 years of age, Adolescents, and Adults: Td preferred to tetanus toxoid alone; Tdap may be preferred if the patient has not previously been vaccinated with Tdap.
Other wounds (such as, but not limited to, wounds contaminated with dirt, feces, soil, and saliva; puncture wounds; wounds from crushing, tears, burns, and frostbite): Administer a tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine if ≥5 years since last dose.
Infants and Children <7 years of age: DTaP (DT, if pertussis vaccine contraindicated) is preferred to tetanus toxoid alone.
Children ≥7 years of age, Adolescents, and Adults: Td preferred to tetanus toxoid alone; Tdap may be preferred if the patient has not previously been vaccinated with Tdap.
Adapted from CDC Yellow Book" (Health Information for International Travel 2010), "Routine Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, Tetanus" (available at http://www.cdc.gov/yellowbook) and MMWR 2006, 55(RR-17).
Abbreviations: DT = Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids (formulation for age ≤6 years); DTaP = Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids, and Acellular Pertussis (formulation for age ≤6 years; Daptacel, Infanrix); Td = Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids (formulation for age ≥7 years; Decavac,Tenivac); TT= Tetanus toxoid (adsorbed [formulation for age ≥7 years]); Tdap = Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids, and Acellular Pertussis (Adacel or Boostrix [formulations for age ≥7 years]); TIG = Tetanus Immune Globulin
Refer to adult dosing.
Tetanus, prophylaxis:
Infants and Children <7 years: IM: 4 units/kg; some recommend administering 250 units (Red Book [AAP 2015])
Children ≥7 years and Adolescents: Refer to adult dosing.
Tetanus, treatment: Refer to adult dosing.
Tetanus prophylaxis in wound management: Refer to adult dosing.
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer 's labeling.
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer 's labeling.
For IM use only; do not administer IV. Administer in the anterolateral aspects of the upper thigh or the deltoid muscle of the upper arm. Avoid gluteal region due to risk of injury to sciatic nerve; if gluteal region is used, administer only in the upper outer quadrant. If tetanus vaccine and tetanus immune globulin are administered simultaneously, separate sites should be used for each injection. When used for the treatment of tetanus, infiltration of part of the dose around the wound is recommended (MMWR 2015; Red Book [AAP 2015]).
Store at 2 ‚ °C to 8 ‚ °C (26 ‚ °F to 46 ‚ °F). Do not use if frozen.
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Injectable, Intramuscular:
HyperTET S/D: 250 units/mL (1 ea)
Vaccines (Live): Immune Globulins may diminish the therapeutic effect of Vaccines (Live). Management: Consult full interaction monograph for dose interval recommendations. This interaction does not apply to oral Ty21a typhoid vaccine or others listed as exceptions. Exceptions: Influenza Virus Vaccine (Live/Attenuated); Rotavirus Vaccine; Yellow Fever Vaccine; Zoster Vaccine. Consider therapy modification
Frequency not defined.
Central nervous system: Temperature increased
Dermatologic: Angioneurotic edema (rare)
Local: Injection site: Pain, soreness, tenderness
Renal: Nephritic syndrome (rare)
Miscellaneous: Anaphylactic shock (rare)
Concerns related to adverse effects:
- Anaphylaxis/hypersensitivity reactions: Hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions can occur; immediate treatment (including epinephrine 1 mg/mL) should be available. Use with caution in patients with isolated immunoglobulin A deficiency or a history of systemic hypersensitivity to human immunoglobulins.
Disease-related concerns:
- Bleeding disorders: Use with caution in patients with thrombocytopenia or coagulation disorders; IM injections may be contraindicated.
Dosage form specific issues:
- Human plasma: Product of human plasma; may potentially contain infectious agents which could transmit disease. Screening of donors, as well as testing and/or inactivation or removal of certain viruses, reduces the risk. Infections thought to be transmitted by this product should be reported to the manufacturer.
Other warnings/precautions:
- Administration: Not for intravenous administration.
- Appropriate use: When used for the treatment of tetanus infection, TIG removes circulating toxin, but does not remove toxin bound to nerve endings (CDC 2012). Larger doses of TIG are needed for treatment than prophylaxis (see Dosage) (MMWR 2015).
- Skin testing: Skin testing should not be performed as local irritation can occur and be misinterpreted as a positive allergic reaction.
C
Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted. Tetanus immune globulin and a tetanus toxoid containing vaccine are recommended by the ACIP as part of the standard wound management to prevent tetanus in pregnant women (CDC 57[RR6], 2008; CDC 62[7], 2013).
Provides passive immunity towards tetanus by supplying antibodies to neutralize the free form of toxins produced by Clostridium tetani.
Plasma: IgG concentration: IM: ~2 days
Individuals with normal IgG concentration: ~23 days
- Discuss specific use of drug and side effects with patient as it relates to treatment. (HCAHPS: During this hospital stay, were you given any medicine that you had not taken before? Before giving you any new medicine, how often did hospital staff tell you what the medicine was for? How often did hospital staff describe possible side effects in a way you could understand?)
- Patient may experience short-term pain (HCAHPS).
- Educate patient about signs of a significant reaction (eg, wheezing; chest tightness; fever; itching; bad cough; blue skin color; seizures; or swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat). Note: This is not a comprehensive list of all side effects. Patient should consult prescriber for additional questions.
Intended Use and Disclaimer: Should not be printed and given to patients. This information is intended to serve as a concise initial reference for healthcare professionals to use when discussing medications with a patient. You must ultimately rely on your own discretion, experience and judgment in diagnosing, treating and advising patients.