(se LE ji leen)
Parkinson disease: Adjunct in the management of patients with Parkinson disease being treated with levodopa/carbidopa who exhibit deterioration in the quality of their response to therapy (oral products)
Major depressive disorder: Treatment of major depressive disorder (transdermal product)
Hypersensitivity to selegiline or any component of the formulation; concomitant use of meperidine
Orally disintegrating tablet: Additional contraindications: Use with meperidine, methadone, propoxyphene, tramadol, MAO inhibitors (concurrently or within 14 days of discontinuing selegiline or one of these medications); use with St. Johns wort, cyclobenzaprine, or dextromethorphan
Transdermal: Additional contraindications: Pheochromocytoma; use of carbamazepine, serotonin reuptake inhibitors (including SSRIs and SNRIs), clomipramine, imipramine, meperidine, tramadol, propoxyphene, methadone, pentazocine, and dextromethorphan (concurrently, within 2 weeks of selegiline discontinuation, or selegiline use within 4 to 5 half-lives (approximately 1 week; 5 weeks for fluoxetine) of discontinuation of the contraindicated drug); patients <12 years of age
Antidepressants increased the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults in short-term studies. These studies did not show an increase in the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior with antidepressant use in patients over age 24; there was a trend toward reduced risk with antidepressant use in patients aged 65 and older.
In patients of all ages who are started on antidepressant therapy, monitor closely for worsening and for emergence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Advise families and caregivers of the need for close observation and communication with the prescriber.
Selegiline is contraindicated in patients less than 12 years of age because of an increased risk of hypertensive crisis.
Parkinson disease:
Capsule/tablet: 5 mg twice daily with breakfast and lunch
Orally disintegrating tablet: Initial: 1.25 mg once daily for at least 6 weeks; may increase to 2.5 mg once daily based on clinical response and tolerability (maximum: 2.5 mg once daily)
Depression: Transdermal: Initial: 6 mg/24 hours once daily; may titrate based on clinical response in increments of 3 mg/day every 2 weeks up to a maximum of 12 mg/24 hours
Discontinuation of therapy: Upon discontinuation of antidepressant therapy, gradually taper the dose to minimize the incidence of withdrawal symptoms and allow for the detection of re-emerging symptoms. Evidence supporting ideal taper rates is limited. APA and NICE guidelines suggest tapering therapy over at least several weeks with consideration to the half-life of the antidepressant; antidepressants with a shorter half-life and MAO inhibitors may need to be tapered more conservatively. In addition for long-term treated patients, WFSBP guidelines recommend tapering over 4-6 months. If intolerable withdrawal symptoms occur following a dose reduction, consider resuming the previously prescribed dose and/or decrease dose at a more gradual rate (APA, 2010; Bauer, 2002; Haddad, 2001; NCCMH, 2010; Schatzberg, 2006; Shelton, 2001; Warner, 2006).
MAO inhibitor recommendations:
Switching to or from an MAO inhibitor intended to treat psychiatric disorders:
Allow 14 days (or a time equal to 4 to 5 half-lives of the drug) to elapse between discontinuing an alternative antidepressant without long half-life metabolites (eg, TCAs, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine) or MAO inhibitor intended to treat psychiatric disorders and initiation of selegiline.
Allow 5 weeks to elapse between discontinuing fluoxetine (with long half-life metabolites) intended to treat psychiatric disorders and initiation of selegiline.
Allow 14 days to elapse between discontinuing selegiline and initiation of an alternative antidepressant or MAO inhibitor intended to treat psychiatric disorders.
Use with other MAO inhibitors (such as linezolid or IV methylene blue):
Do not initiate selegiline in patients receiving linezolid or IV methylene blue; consider other interventions for psychiatric condition.
If urgent treatment with linezolid or IV methylene blue is required in a patient already receiving selegiline and potential benefits outweigh potential risks, discontinue selegiline promptly and administer linezolid or IV methylene blue. Monitor for serotonin syndrome for 2 weeks or until 24 hours after the last dose of linezolid or IV methylene blue, whichever comes first. May resume selegiline 24 hours after the last dose of linezolid or IV methylene blue.
Parkinson disease:
Capsule/tablet: ≤5 mg/day (when combined with levodopa) is recommended by some clinicians to decrease the enhanced dopaminergic side effects (Olanow, 2001)
Orally disintegrating tablet: Refer to adult dosing
Depression: Transdermal: 6 mg/24 hours
Discontinuation of therapy: Refer to adult dosing.
MAO inhibitor recommendations: Refer to adult dosing.
ADHD (off-label use): Children and Adolescents: Oral: 5-15 mg/day (Jankovic, 1993)
Discontinuation of therapy: Refer to adult dosing.
MAO inhibitor recommendations: Refer to adult dosing.
Oral:
Capsules/tablets: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer 's labeling (has not been studied). Use with caution.
Orally disintegrating tablet:
Mild to moderate impairment (CrCl 30 to 89 mL/minute): No dosage adjustment necessary.
Severe impairment (CrCl <30 mL/minute): Use is not recommended.
End-stage renal disease: Use is not recommended.
Transdermal:
eGFR ≥15 mL/minute/1.73 m2: No dosage adjustment necessary.
eGFR <15 mL/minute/1.73 m2: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer 's labeling (has not been studied).
ESRD requiring dialysis: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer 's labeling (has not been studied).
Oral:
Capsules/tablets: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer 's labeling (has not been studied). Use with caution.
Orally disintegrating tablet:
Mild to moderate impairment (Child-Pugh class A and B): No dosage adjustment necessary.
Severe impairment (Child-Pugh class C): Use is not recommended.
Transdermal:
Mild to moderate impairment (Child-Pugh class A and B): No dosage adjustment necessary.
Severe impairment (Child-Pugh class C): There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer 's labeling (has not been studied).
Oral: Orally disintegrating tablet: Administer in morning before breakfast; place on top of tongue and allow to dissolve. Avoid food or liquid 5 minutes before and after administration.
Topical: Transdermal: Apply to clean, dry, intact skin to the upper torso (below the neck and above the waist), upper thigh, or outer surface of the upper arm. Avoid exposure of application site to external heat source, which may increase the amount of drug absorbed. Do not apply to skin that is hairy, oily, irritated, broken, scarred, or calloused. Apply at the same time each day and rotate application sites. Wash hands with soap and water after handling. Avoid touching the sticky side of the patch. Avoid tyramine-rich foods and beverages beginning on the first day of 9 mg/24 hours or 12 mg/24 hours doses; avoid tyramine-rich foods and beverages for 2 weeks following a dose reduction to 6 mg/24 hours or discontinuation of 9 mg/24 hours or 12 mg/hours. Discard any used or unused patches by folding adhesive ends together, replace in pouch or sealable container and discard properly in trash away from children and pets.
Avoid or limit tyramine-containing foods/beverages (product and/or dose-dependent). Some examples include aged or matured cheese, air-dried or cured meats (including sausages and salamis), fava or broad bean pods, tap/draft beers, Marmite concentrate, sauerkraut, soy sauce and other soybean condiments. Food 's freshness is also an important concern; improperly stored or spoiled food can create an environment where tyramine concentrations may increase.
Transdermal: 9 mg/24 hours or 12 mg/24 hours: Avoid tyramine-rich foods or beverages beginning the first day of treatment or for 2 weeks after discontinuation or dose reduction to 6 mg/24 hours.
Orally disintegrating tablet: Do not take with food or liquid.
Some products may contain phenylalanine.
Capsule, tablet, transdermal: Store at 20 ‚ °C to 25 ‚ °C (68 ‚ °F to 77 ‚ °F). Store patch in sealed pouch and apply immediately after removal.
Orally disintegrating tablet: Store at 25 ‚ °C (77 ‚ °F); excursions permitted to 15 ‚ °C to 30 ‚ °C (59 ‚ °F to 86 ‚ °F). Use within 3 months of opening pouch and immediately after opening individual blister.
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Capsule, Oral, as hydrochloride:
Eldepryl: 5 mg
Generic: 5 mg
Patch 24 Hour, Transdermal:
Emsam: 6 mg/24 hr (30 ea); 9 mg/24 hr (30 ea); 12 mg/24 hr (30 ea)
Tablet, Oral, as hydrochloride:
Generic: 5 mg
Tablet Dispersible, Oral, as hydrochloride:
Zelapar: 1.25 mg [contains aspartame; grapefruit flavor]
Alcohol (Ethyl): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of MAO Inhibitors. Avoid combination
Alfuzosin: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Alpha-/Beta-Agonists (Indirect-Acting): MAO Inhibitors may enhance the hypertensive effect of Alpha-/Beta-Agonists (Indirect-Acting). While linezolid is expected to interact via this mechanism, management recommendations differ from other monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Refer to linezolid specific monographs for details. Avoid combination
Alpha1-Agonists: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the hypertensive effect of Alpha1-Agonists. While linezolid is expected to interact via this mechanism, management recommendations differ from other monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Refer to linezolid specific monographs for details. Avoid combination
Altretamine: May enhance the orthostatic hypotensive effect of MAO Inhibitors. Monitor therapy
Amifostine: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Amifostine. Management: When amifostine is used at chemotherapy doses, blood pressure lowering medications should be withheld for 24 hours prior to amifostine administration. If blood pressure lowering therapy cannot be withheld, amifostine should not be administered. Consider therapy modification
Amphetamines: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the hypertensive effect of Amphetamines. While linezolid and tedizolid may interact via this mechanism, management recommendations differ from other monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Refer to monographs specific to those agents for details. Avoid combination
Analgesics (Opioid): May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonin Modulators. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Monitor therapy
Antidepressants (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor/Antagonist): MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Antidepressants (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor/Antagonist). While methylene blue and linezolid are expected to interact, specific recommendations for their use differ from other monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Refer to monographs specific to those agents for details. Avoid combination
Antiemetics (5HT3 Antagonists): May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonin Modulators. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Monitor therapy
Antipsychotic Agents: Serotonin Modulators may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Antipsychotic Agents. Specifically, serotonin modulators may enhance dopamine blockade, possibly increasing the risk for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Antipsychotic Agents may enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonin Modulators. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Monitor therapy
Antipsychotic Agents (Second Generation [Atypical]): Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Antipsychotic Agents (Second Generation [Atypical]). Monitor therapy
Apraclonidine: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Apraclonidine. MAO Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Apraclonidine. Avoid combination
AtoMOXetine: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the neurotoxic (central) effect of AtoMOXetine. Avoid combination
Atropine (Ophthalmic): MAO Inhibitors may enhance the hypertensive effect of Atropine (Ophthalmic). Avoid combination
Barbiturates: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Beta2-Agonists: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Beta2-Agonists. Monitor therapy
Betahistine: MAO Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Betahistine. Monitor therapy
Bezafibrate: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Bezafibrate. Avoid combination
Blood Glucose Lowering Agents: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Blood Pressure Lowering Agents: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Hypotension-Associated Agents. Monitor therapy
Brimonidine (Ophthalmic): MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Brimonidine (Ophthalmic). MAO Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Brimonidine (Ophthalmic). Monitor therapy
Brimonidine (Topical): MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Brimonidine (Topical). MAO Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Brimonidine (Topical). Monitor therapy
Brimonidine (Topical): May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Buprenorphine: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of MAO Inhibitors. Avoid combination
BuPROPion: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the hypertensive effect of BuPROPion. Avoid combination
BusPIRone: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of MAO Inhibitors. Specifically, blood pressure elevations been reported. Avoid combination
CarBAMazepine: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of MAO Inhibitors. Management: Avoid concurrent use of carbamazepine during, or within 14 days of discontinuing, treatment with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Avoid combination
Codeine: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Codeine. Monitor therapy
COMT Inhibitors: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of MAO Inhibitors. Consider therapy modification
Contraceptives (Estrogens): May increase the serum concentration of Selegiline. Monitor therapy
Contraceptives (Progestins): May increase the serum concentration of Selegiline. Monitor therapy
Cyclobenzaprine: May enhance the serotonergic effect of MAO Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Avoid combination
CYP2B6 Inducers (Moderate): May decrease the serum concentration of CYP2B6 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Cyproheptadine: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Cyproheptadine. Cyproheptadine may diminish the serotonergic effect of MAO Inhibitors. Avoid combination
Dabrafenib: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP2B6 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Dapoxetine: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Serotonin Modulators. Avoid combination
Dexmethylphenidate: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the hypertensive effect of Dexmethylphenidate. Avoid combination
Dextromethorphan: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the serotonergic effect of Dextromethorphan. This may cause serotonin syndrome. Avoid combination
Diazoxide: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Diethylpropion: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the hypertensive effect of Diethylpropion. Avoid combination
Domperidone: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Domperidone. MAO Inhibitors may diminish the therapeutic effect of Domperidone. Domperidone may diminish the therapeutic effect of MAO Inhibitors. Monitor therapy
Doxapram: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the hypertensive effect of Doxapram. Monitor therapy
EPINEPHrine (Nasal): MAO Inhibitors may enhance the hypertensive effect of EPINEPHrine (Nasal). Monitor therapy
EPINEPHrine (Oral Inhalation): MAO Inhibitors may enhance the hypertensive effect of EPINEPHrine (Oral Inhalation). Avoid combination
Epinephrine (Racemic): MAO Inhibitors may enhance the hypertensive effect of Epinephrine (Racemic). Monitor therapy
EPINEPHrine (Systemic): MAO Inhibitors may enhance the hypertensive effect of EPINEPHrine (Systemic). Monitor therapy
FentaNYL: May enhance the serotonergic effect of MAO Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Avoid combination
Herbs (Hypotensive Properties): May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
HYDROcodone: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of HYDROcodone. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination when possible. Consider therapy modification
HYDROmorphone: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of HYDROmorphone. Avoid combination
Hypotension-Associated Agents: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Hypotension-Associated Agents. Monitor therapy
Ioflupane I 123: Selegiline may diminish the diagnostic effect of Ioflupane I 123. Monitor therapy
Isometheptene: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Isometheptene. Avoid combination
Levodopa: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of MAO Inhibitors. Of particular concern is the development of hypertensive reactions when levodopa is used with nonselective MAOI. Management: The concomitant use of nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and levodopa is contraindicated. Discontinue the nonselective MAOI at least two weeks prior to initiating levodopa. Monitor patients taking a selective MAOIs and levodopa. Consider therapy modification
Levonordefrin: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the hypertensive effect of Levonordefrin. Avoid combination
Linezolid: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Linezolid. Avoid combination
Lithium: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Lithium. Management: This combination should be undertaken with great caution. When combined treatment is clinically indicated, monitor closely for signs of serotonin toxicity/serotonin syndrome. Consider therapy modification
Lumacaftor: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP2B6 Substrates. Monitor therapy
MAO Inhibitors: May enhance the hypertensive effect of other MAO Inhibitors. MAO Inhibitors may enhance the serotonergic effect of other MAO Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Avoid combination
Maprotiline: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of MAO Inhibitors. Avoid combination
Meperidine: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the serotonergic effect of Meperidine. This may cause serotonin syndrome. Avoid combination
Mequitazine: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Mequitazine. Avoid combination
Metaraminol: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the hypertensive effect of Metaraminol. Monitor therapy
Metaxalone: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonin Modulators. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Monitor therapy
Methyldopa: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Methyldopa. Avoid combination
Methylene Blue: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the serotonergic effect of Methylene Blue. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Avoid combination
Methylene Blue: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonin Modulators. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Avoid combination
Methylphenidate: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the hypertensive effect of Methylphenidate. Avoid combination
Metoclopramide: Serotonin Modulators may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Metoclopramide. This may be manifest as symptoms consistent with serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Monitor therapy
Mianserin: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the neurotoxic effect of Mianserin. Avoid combination
MiFEPRIStone: May increase the serum concentration of CYP2B6 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Mirtazapine: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the neurotoxic (central) effect of Mirtazapine. While methylene blue and linezolid are expected to interact, specific recommendations for their use differ from other monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Refer to monographs specific to those agents for details. Avoid combination
Moclobemide: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Moclobemide. Avoid combination
Molsidomine: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Morphine (Liposomal): MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Morphine (Liposomal). Avoid combination
Morphine (Systemic): MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Morphine (Systemic). Avoid combination
Naftopidil: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Nefopam: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Nefopam. Avoid combination
Nicergoline: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Nicorandil: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Nilotinib: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP2B6 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Nitroprusside: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Nitroprusside. Monitor therapy
Norepinephrine: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the hypertensive effect of Norepinephrine. Monitor therapy
Obinutuzumab: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Management: Consider temporarily withholding blood pressure lowering medications beginning 12 hours prior to obinutuzumab infusion and continuing until 1 hour after the end of the infusion. Consider therapy modification
OXcarbazepine: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Selegiline. Avoid combination
OxyCODONE: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of OxyCODONE. Management: Per Canadian labeling, use of oxycodone is contraindicated in patients who either are receiving MAO inhibitors or have used them within 14 days. Though not contraindicated in U.S. prescribing information, consider alternatives when possible. Consider therapy modification
OxyMORphone: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of MAO Inhibitors. Avoid combination
Pentoxifylline: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Pheniramine: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of MAO Inhibitors. Avoid combination
Pholcodine: May enhance the serotonergic effect of MAO Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Avoid combination
Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Pindolol: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the hypotensive effect of Pindolol. Management: Canadian labeling for pindolol states that concurrent use with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor is not recommended. Consider therapy modification
Pipamperone [INT]: Anti-Parkinson Agents (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Pipamperone [INT]. Pipamperone [INT] may diminish the therapeutic effect of Anti-Parkinson Agents (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor). Monitor therapy
Pizotifen: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Pizotifen. Avoid combination
Prostacyclin Analogues: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Quinagolide: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Reboxetine: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Reboxetine. Avoid combination
Reserpine: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Reserpine. Existing MAOI therapy can result in paradoxical effects of added reserpine (e.g., excitation, hypertension). Management: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) should be avoided or used with great caution in patients who are also receiving reserpine. Consider therapy modification
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the serotonergic effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. This may cause serotonin syndrome. While methylene blue and linezolid are expected to interact via this mechanism, management recommendations differ from other monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Refer to monographs specific to those agents for details. Avoid combination
Serotonin 5-HT1D Receptor Agonists: MAO Inhibitors may decrease the metabolism of Serotonin 5-HT1D Receptor Agonists. Management: If MAO inhibitor therapy is required, naratriptan, eletriptan or frovatriptan may be a suitable 5-HT1D agonist to employ. Exceptions: Eletriptan; Frovatriptan; Naratriptan. Avoid combination
Serotonin Modulators: Anti-Parkinson Agents (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor) may enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonin Modulators. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity if selegiline or rasagiline is combined with a serotonin modulator. Use of transdermal selegiline with serotonin modulators is contraindicated. Exceptions: Nicergoline. Consider therapy modification
Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. This may cause serotonin syndrome. While methylene blue and linezolid are expected to interact via this mechanism, management recommendations differ from other monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Refer to monographs specific to those agents for details. Avoid combination
Tapentadol: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of MAO Inhibitors. Specifically, the additive effects of norepinephrine may lead to adverse cardiovascular effects. Tapentadol may enhance the serotonergic effect of MAO Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Avoid combination
Tetrabenazine: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of MAO Inhibitors. Avoid combination
Tetrahydrozoline (Nasal): MAO Inhibitors may enhance the hypertensive effect of Tetrahydrozoline (Nasal). Avoid combination
Thiotepa: May increase the serum concentration of CYP2B6 Substrates. Monitor therapy
TiZANidine: CYP1A2 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of TiZANidine. Management: Avoid these combinations when possible. If combined use cannot be avoided, initiate tizanidine at an adult dose of 2 mg and increase in 2-4 mg increments based on patient response. Monitor for increased effects of tizanidine, including adverse reactions. Consider therapy modification
Tricyclic Antidepressants: MAO Inhibitors may enhance the serotonergic effect of Tricyclic Antidepressants. This may cause serotonin syndrome. While methylene blue and linezolid are expected to interact via this mechanism, management recommendations differ from other monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Refer to monographs specific to those agents for details. Avoid combination
Tryptophan: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of MAO Inhibitors. Avoid combination
Blood pressure; symptoms of parkinsonism; general mood and behavior (increased anxiety, presence of mania or agitation); suicidal ideation (especially at the beginning of therapy or when doses are increased or decreased); periodic skin examinations
May interfere with urine detection of amphetamine/methamphetamine (false-positive).
Unless otherwise noted, the percentage of adverse events is reported for the transdermal patch (Note: ODT = orally disintegrating tablet, Oral = capsule/tablet)
>10%:
Central nervous system: Headache (18%; ODT 7%; oral 4%), insomnia (12%; ODT 7%), dizziness (oral 14%; ODT 11%)
Gastrointestinal: Nausea (oral 20%; ODT 11%)
Local: Application site reaction (24%)
1% to 10%:
Cardiovascular: Hypotension (including postural 3% to 10%), palpitation (oral 2%), chest pain ( ≥1%; ODT 2%), hypertension ( ≥1%; ODT 3%), peripheral edema ( ≥1%)
Central nervous system: Pain (ODT 8%; oral 2%), hallucinations (oral 6%; ODT 4%), confusion (oral 6%; ODT 4%), vivid dreams (oral 4%), ataxia (ODT 3%), somnolence (ODT 3%), lethargy (oral 2%), agitation ( ≥1%), amnesia ( ≥1%), paresthesia ( ≥1%), thinking abnormal ( ≥1%), depression (<1%; ODT 2%)
Dermatologic: Rash (4%), bruising ( ≥1%; ODT 2%), pruritus ( ≥1%), acne ( ≥1%)
Endocrine & metabolic: Weight loss (5%; oral 2%), hypokalemia (ODT 2%), sexual side effects ( ≤1%)
Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (9%; ODT 2%; oral 2%), xerostomia (8%; oral 6%; ODT 4%), stomatitis (ODT 5%), abdominal pain (oral 8%), dyspepsia (4%; ODT 5%), dysphagia (ODT 2%), dental caries (ODT 2%), constipation ( ≥1%; ODT 4%), flatulence ( ≥1%; ODT 2%), anorexia ( ≥1%), gastroenteritis ( ≥1%), taste perversion ( ≥1%; ODT 2%), vomiting ( ≥1%; ODT 3%)
Genitourinary: Urinary retention (oral 2%), dysmenorrhea ( ≥1%), metrorrhagia ( ≥1%), UTI ( ≥1%), urinary frequency ( ≥1%)
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Dyskinesia (ODT 6%), back pain (ODT 5%; oral 2%), ataxia (<1%; ODT 3%), leg cramps (ODT 3%; oral 2%), myalgia ( ≥1%; ODT 3%), neck pain ( ≥1%), tremor (<1%; ODT 3%)
Otic: Tinnitus ( ≥1%)
Respiratory: Rhinitis (ODT 7%), pharyngitis (3%; ODT 4%), sinusitis (3%), cough ( ≥1%), bronchitis ( ≥1%), dyspnea (<1%; ODT 3%)
Miscellaneous: Diaphoresis ( ≥1%)
Oral and/or transdermal patch: <1% or frequency not defined (limited to important or life-threatening): Abnormal liver function tests, alkaline phosphatase increased, appetite increased, arrhythmia, asthma, ataxia, atrial fibrillation, bacterial infection, behavior/mood changes, bilirubinemia, bradycardia, bradykinesia, breast neoplasm (female), breast pain, chorea, circumoral paresthesia, colitis, dehydration, delusions, depersonalization, depression, emotional lability, epistaxis, eructation, euphoria, face edema, fever, fungal infection, gastritis, generalized spasm, glossitis, heat stroke, hematuria (female), hernia, hostility, hypercholesterolemia, hyperesthesia, hyperglycemia, hyperkinesias, hypertonia, hypoglycemic reaction, hyponatremia, impulsive/compulsive behaviors (eg, pathological gambling, hypersexuality, binge eating), kidney calculus (female), lactate dehydrogenase increased, laryngismus, leukocytosis, leukopenia, libido increased, loss of balance, lymphadenopathy, maculopapular rash, manic reaction, melena, MI, migraine, moniliasis, myasthenia, myoclonus, neoplasia, neurosis, osteoporosis, otitis external, palpitation, paranoid reaction, parasitic infection, parosmia, pelvic pain, periodontal abscess, peripheral vascular disorder, pneumonia, polyuria (female), prostatic hyperplasia, rectal hemorrhage, salivation increased, skin hypertrophy, skin benign neoplasm, suicide attempt, syncope, tachycardia, tenosynovitis, tongue edema, twitching, urinary retention, urinary urgency (male and female), urination impaired (male), urticaria, vaginal hemorrhage, vaginal moniliasis, vaginitis, vasodilatation, vertigo, vesiculobullous rash, viral infection, visual field defect
Orally disintegrating tablets: Patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 5 to 6) had a 1.5-fold higher AUC and Cmax of selegiline and a 1.4-fold and 1.2-fold higher, respectively, AUC and Cmax of the metabolite desmethylselegiline. In patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 7 to 9), AUC of selegiline and desmethylselegeline increased 1.5-fold and 1.8-fold, respectively. Patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score >9) had a 4-fold increased AUC of selegiline, 3-fold increased Cmax of selegiline, 1.25-fold increased AUC of desmethylselegeline and 50% reduced Cmax of desmethylselegeline.
Systemic exposure is about twice as high in elderly patients when given a single 10 mg oral dose.
Major psychiatric warnings (transdermal product):
- Suicidal thinking/behavior: [U.S. Boxed Warning]: Antidepressants increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults in short-term studies. Short-term studies did not show an increased risk in patients >24 years of age and showed a decreased risk in patients ≥65 years. Closely monitor patients for clinical worsening, and emergence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors, particularly during the initial 1 to 2 months of therapy or during periods of dosage adjustments (increases or decreases); the patient 's family or caregiver should be instructed to closely observe the patient and communicate condition with health care provider. A medication guide concerning the use of antidepressants should be dispensed with each prescription. Transdermal selegiline is not FDA approved for use in children <12 years of age.
- The possibility of a suicide attempt is inherent in major depression and may persist until remission occurs. Worsening depression and severe abrupt suicidality that are not part of the presenting symptoms may require discontinuation or modification of drug therapy. Use caution in high-risk patients during initiation of therapy.
- Prescriptions should be written for the smallest quantity consistent with good patient care. The patients family or caregiver should be alerted to monitor patients for the emergence of suicidality and associated behaviors such as anxiety, agitation, panic attacks, insomnia, irritability, hostility, impulsivity, akathisia, hypomania, and mania; patients should be instructed to notify their healthcare provider if any of these symptoms or worsening depression or psychosis occur.
Concerns related to adverse effects:
- Impulse control disorders: Dopaminergic agents used for Parkinson disease or restless legs syndrome have been associated with compulsive behaviors and/or loss of impulse control, which has manifested as pathological gambling, libido increases (hypersexuality), uncontrolled spending of money, binge eating, and/or other intense urges. Causality has not been established, and controversy exists as to whether this phenomenon is related to the underlying disease, prior behaviors/addictions and/or drug therapy. Dose reduction or discontinuation of therapy has been reported to reverse these behaviors in some, but not all cases.
- Melanoma: Risk for melanoma development is increased in Parkinson disease patients; drug causation or factors contributing to risk have not been established. Patients should be monitored closely and periodic skin examinations should be performed.
- Orthostatic hypotension: Orally disintegrating tablet may cause orthostatic hypotension; use with caution in patients at risk of this effect or in those who would not tolerate transient hypotensive episodes (cerebrovascular disease, cardiovascular disease, hypovolemia, or concurrent medication use which may predispose to hypotension/bradycardia). Incidence may also be increased in older adults and when titrating to the 2.5 mg dosage in patients taking the orally disintegrating tablet. Monitor patients for new onset or exacerbation of hypertension.
- Psychosis: The orally disintegrating tablets may cause new or worsening mental status and behavioral changes including hallucinations and psychotic-like behavior with initiation of therapy, after dose increases, or during the course of therapy. Symptoms may consist of paranoid ideation, delusions, hallucinations, confusion, psychotic-like behavior, disorientation, aggressive behavior, agitation, and delirium. Avoid use in patients with a major psychotic disorder.
- Serotonin syndrome: Potentially life-threatening serotonin syndrome (SS) has occurred with serotonergic agents (eg, SSRIs, SNRIs) when used in combination with other serotonergic agents (eg, triptans, TCAs, fentanyl, lithium, tramadol, buspirone, St John's wort, tryptophan) or agents that impair metabolism of serotonin (eg, MAO inhibitors intended to treat psychiatric disorders, other MAO inhibitors [ie, linezolid and intravenous methylene blue]). Monitor patients closely for signs of SS such as mental status changes (eg, agitation, hallucinations, delirium, coma); autonomic instability (eg, tachycardia, labile blood pressure, diaphoresis); neuromuscular changes (eg, tremor, rigidity, myoclonus); GI symptoms (eg, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea); and/or seizures. Discontinue treatment (and any concomitant serotonergic agent) immediately if signs/symptoms arise.
- Somnolence: The orally disintegrating tablet may cause somnolence and episodes of sudden sleep onset, which may impair physical or mental abilities. Elderly patients, patients with current sleep disorders, and patients with concomitant sedating medications are at greatest risk. Patients must be cautioned about performing tasks that require mental alertness (eg, operating machinery or driving). Discontinue if significant daytime sleepiness or episodes of falling asleep occur; if a decision is made to continue therapy, advise patients not to drive and to avoid other potentially dangerous activities.
Disease-related concerns:
- Dyskinesia: The orally disintegrating tablet may potentiate the dopaminergic side effects of levodopa and cause dyskinesia or exacerbate preexisting dyskinesia requiring a reduction of the dose of levodopa.
- Hepatic impairment: Use oral products with caution in patients with hepatic impairment; dosage adjustments may be necessary with orally disintegrating tablets in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class A and B); orally disintegrating tablets are not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class C).
- Mania/hypomania: Transdermal product: May precipitate a shift to mania or hypomania in patients with bipolar disorder. Monotherapy in patients with bipolar disorder should be avoided. Patients presenting with depressive symptoms should be screened for bipolar disorder, including a family history of suicide, bipolar disorder, and depression. Selegiline is not FDA approved for the treatment of bipolar depression.
- Renal impairment: Use oral products with caution in patients with renal impairment; orally disintegrating tablets are not recommended in patients with severe renal impairment (CrCl <30 mL/minute) and ESRD.
Concurrent drug therapy issues:
- Drug-drug interactions: Potentially significant interactions may exist, requiring dose or frequency adjustment, additional monitoring, and/or selection of alternative therapy. Consult drug interactions database for more detailed information.
Special populations:
- Surgical patients: According to many of MOA inhibitor manufacturers, use within 10 days prior to elective surgery is contraindicated. The decision to continue or withhold MAO inhibitors must be done in collaboration with the patient's psychiatrist. Currently, an MAO-safe anesthetic technique which excludes the use of meperidine and indirect-acting adrenergic agonists is recommended for patients requiring continued MAO inhibitor therapy (Huyse, 2006).
Dosage form specific issues:
- Orally disintegrating tablet: May cause irritation of buccal mucosa including swallowing pain, mouth pain, discrete areas of focal reddening, multiple foci of reddening, edema, and/or ulceration. Do not use concurrently with other selegiline products; wait at least 14 days from discontinuation before initiating treatment with another selegiline dosage form. Elderly patients have a greater incidence of adverse effects.
- Phenylalanine: Some products may contain phenylalanine.
- Transdermal patch: May contain conducting metal (eg, aluminum); remove patch prior to MRI. Avoid exposure of application site and surrounding area to direct external heat sources (eg, heating pads, electric blankets, heat lamps, saunas, hot tubs); may increase drug absorption.
Other warnings/precautions:
- Discontinuation syndrome: Abrupt discontinuation or interruption of antidepressant therapy has been associated with a discontinuation syndrome. Symptoms arising may vary with antidepressant however commonly include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, lightheadedness, dizziness, diminished appetite, sweating, chills, tremors, paresthesias, fatigue, somnolence, and sleep disturbances (eg, vivid dreams, insomnia). Less common symptoms include electric shock-like sensations, cardiac arrhythmias (more common with tricyclic antidepressants), myalgias, parkinsonism, arthralgias, and balance difficulties. Psychological symptoms may also emerge such as agitation, anxiety, akathisia, panic attacks, irritability, aggressiveness, worsening of mood, dysphoria, mood lability, hyperactivity, mania/hypomania, depersonalization, decreased concentration, slowed thinking, confusion, and memory or concentration difficulties. Greater risks for developing a discontinuation syndrome have been associated with antidepressants with shorter half-lives, longer durations of treatment, and abrupt discontinuation. More severe symptoms have also been associated with MAO inhibitors. For antidepressants of short or intermediate half-lives, symptoms may emerge within 2 to 5 days after treatment discontinuation and last 7 to 14 days (APA, 2010; Fava, 2006; Haddad, 2001; Shelton, 2001; Warner, 2006).
- Tyramine-containing products: Nonselective MAO inhibition occurs with transdermal delivery and is necessary for antidepressant efficacy. Hypertensive crisis as a result of ingesting tyramine-rich foods is always a concern with nonselective MAO inhibition. Although transdermal delivery minimizes inhibition of MAO-A in the gut, there is limited data with higher transdermal doses; dietary modifications are recommended with doses >6 mg/24 hours. Discontinue therapy immediately if hypertensive crisis occurs. With the oral product, MAO-B selective inhibition should not pose a problem with tyramine-containing products as long as the typical oral doses are employed, however, rare hypertensive reactions have been reported. Increased risk of nonselective MAO inhibition occurs with oral capsule/tablet doses >10 mg/day or orally disintegrating tablet doses >2.5 mg/day.
C
Adverse events were observed in some animal reproduction studies.
Potent, irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO). Plasma concentrations achieved via administration of oral dosage forms in recommended doses confer selective inhibition of MAO type B, which plays a major role in the metabolism of dopamine; selegiline may also increase dopaminergic activity by interfering with dopamine reuptake at the synapse. When administered transdermally in recommended doses, selegiline achieves higher blood levels and effectively inhibits both MAO-A and MAO-B, which blocks catabolism of other centrally active biogenic amine neurotransmitters.
Orally disintegrating tablet: Rapid; greater bioavailability than capsule/tablet. Food decreases Cmax and AUC ~60%.
Transdermal: 25% to 30% (of total selegiline content) over 24 hours
Hepatic, primarily via CYP2B6, CYP3A4, and CYP2A6 (minor) to active (N-desmethylselegiline, amphetamine, methamphetamine) and inactive metabolites
Urine (primarily metabolites); feces
Therapeutic: Oral: Within 1 hour
Oral: 24 to 72 hours
Oral: 10 hours; Transdermal: 18 to 25 hours
Protein binding: ~90%; up to 85% (orally disintegrating tablet)
- Discuss specific use of drug and side effects with patient as it relates to treatment. (HCAHPS: During this hospital stay, were you given any medicine that you had not taken before? Before giving you any new medicine, how often did hospital staff tell you what the medicine was for? How often did hospital staff describe possible side effects in a way you could understand?)
- Patient may experience dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, diarrhea, back pain, rhinorrhea, or rhinitis. Have patient report immediately to prescriber signs of depression (suicidal ideation, anxiety, emotional instability, illogical thinking), signs of serotonin syndrome (dizziness, severe headache, agitation, hallucinations, tachycardia, arrhythmia, flushing, tremors, sweating a lot, change in balance, severe nausea, or severe diarrhea), severe fatigue, falling asleep during activities, abnormal movements, twitching, change in balance, difficulty speaking, dysphagia, tremors, difficulty moving, rigidity, severe headache, severe dizziness, passing out, confusion, mood changes, behavioral changes, hallucinations, uncontrollable urges, skin growths, mole changes, angina, muscle pain, muscle weakness, neck rigidity, mouth sores, pain with swallowing, or severe skin irritation (HCAHPS).
- Educate patient about signs of a significant reaction (eg, wheezing; chest tightness; fever; itching; bad cough; blue skin color; seizures; or swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat). Note: This is not a comprehensive list of all side effects. Patient should consult prescriber for additional questions.
Intended Use and Disclaimer: Should not be printed and given to patients. This information is intended to serve as a concise initial reference for health care professionals to use when discussing medications with a patient. You must ultimately rely on your own discretion, experience, and judgment in diagnosing, treating, and advising patients.