(lis dex am FET a meen)
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Binge eating disorder: Treatment of moderate to severe binge eating disorder
Hypersensitivity to amphetamine products or any component of the formulation; concurrent use of MAO inhibitor, or within 14 days of the last MAO inhibitor dose.
Canadian labeling: Additional contraindications (not in U.S. labeling): Known hypersensitivity or idiosyncrasy to sympathomimetic amines; advanced arteriosclerosis; symptomatic cardiovascular disease; moderate-to-severe hypertension; hyperthyroidism; glaucoma; agitated states; history of drug abuse
CNS stimulants (amphetamines and methylphenidate-containing products), including lisdexamfetamine, have a high potential for abuse and dependence. Assess the risk of abuse prior to prescribing and monitor for signs of abuse and dependence while on therapy.
Note: Prior to treatment, assess for presence of cardiac disease and assess for risk of abuse.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Oral: Note: Individualize dosage based on patient need and response to therapy. Administer at the lowest effective dose.
U.S. labeling: Initial: 30 mg once daily in the morning; may increase in increments of 10 mg or 20 mg daily at weekly intervals until optimal response is obtained; maximum: 70 mg daily
Canadian labeling: Initial: 20 to 30 mg once daily in the morning; per clinical discretion, may increase in increments of 10 or 20 mg daily at weekly intervals up to a maximum dose of 60 mg daily. Discontinue therapy if improvement is not observed after 1 month of dosage titration. Note: Canadian ADHD Resource Alliance (CADDRA) 2011 practice guidelines recommend a maximum dose of 70 mg daily.
Binge eating disorder: Oral: Initial: 30 mg once daily in the morning; may titrate in increments of 20 mg at weekly intervals to target dose of 50 to 70 mg once daily (maximum: 70 mg daily); discontinue use if binge eating does not improve.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Note: Prior to treatment, assess for presence of cardiac disease and assess for risk of abuse. Individualize dosage based on patient need and response to therapy. Administer at the lowest effective dose.
U.S. labeling: Children ≥6 years and Adolescents: Oral: Refer to adult dosing.
Canadian labeling:
Children ≥6 years and Adolescents: Oral: Initial: 20 to 30 mg once daily in the morning; per clinical discretion, may increase in increments of 10 or 20 mg daily at weekly intervals up to a maximum dose of 60 mg daily. Discontinue therapy if improvement is not observed after 1 month of dosage titration. Note: For patients requiring dose titration, the Canadian ADHD Resource Alliance (CADDRA) 2011 practice guidelines recommend weekly increases of 10 mg daily up to a maximum of 60 mg daily.
Adolescents: Refer to adult dosing.
U.S. labeling:
GFR ≥30 mL/minute/1.73 m2: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer 's labeling.
GFR 15 to <30 mL/minute/1.73 m2: Maximum dose: 50 mg daily.
GFR <15 mL/minute/1.73 m2: Maximum dose: 30 mg daily.
ESRD requiring hemodialysis: Maximum dose: 30 mg daily; lisdexamfetamine and dextroamphetamine are not dialyzable.
Canadian labeling:
Mild to moderate impairment (GFR ≥30 mL/minute/1.73 m2): There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer 's labeling.
Severe impairment:
GFR 15 to <30 mL/minute/1.73 m2: Maximum dose: 50 mg daily.
GFR <15 mL/minute/1.73 m2: There are no specific dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer 's labeling.
Dialysis: There are no specific dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer 's labeling; however, the manufacturer recommends considering further maximum dosage reductions (compared to that recommended for severe impairment).
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer 's labeling.
Administer in the morning without regard to meals; swallow capsule whole, do not chew. Capsule may be opened and the entire contents dissolved in glass of water, yogurt, or orange juice; stir until dispersed completely and consume the entire mixture immediately; do not store mixture. The active ingredient dissolves completely once dispersed; however, a film containing the inactive ingredients may remain in the glass or container once the mixture is consumed. Do not take less than one capsule daily; a single capsule should not be divided.
Store at 20 ‚ °C to 25 ‚ °C (68 ‚ °F to 77 ‚ °F); excursions are permitted between 15 ‚ °C and 30 ‚ °C (59 ‚ °F and 86 ‚ °F). Protect from light.
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Capsule, Oral, as dimesylate:
Vyvanse: 10 mg [contains brilliant blue fcf (fd&c blue #1), fd&c yellow #6 (sunset yellow)]
Vyvanse: 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, 70 mg [contains brilliant blue fcf (fd&c blue #1), fd&c red #40, fd&c yellow #10 (quinoline yellow)]
Acebrophylline: May enhance the stimulatory effect of CNS Stimulants. Avoid combination
Alkalinizing Agents: May decrease the excretion of Amphetamines. Consider therapy modification
Ammonium Chloride: May decrease the serum concentration of Amphetamines. This effect is likely due to an enhanced excretion of amphetamines in the urine. Monitor therapy
Analgesics (Opioid): Amphetamines may enhance the analgesic effect of Analgesics (Opioid). Monitor therapy
Antacids: May decrease the excretion of Amphetamines. Monitor therapy
Antihistamines: Amphetamines may diminish the sedative effect of Antihistamines. Monitor therapy
Antihypertensive Agents: Amphetamines may diminish the antihypertensive effect of Antihypertensive Agents. Monitor therapy
Antipsychotic Agents: May diminish the stimulatory effect of Amphetamines. Monitor therapy
Ascorbic Acid: May decrease the serum concentration of Amphetamines. Monitor therapy
AtoMOXetine: May enhance the hypertensive effect of Sympathomimetics. AtoMOXetine may enhance the tachycardic effect of Sympathomimetics. Monitor therapy
Cannabinoid-Containing Products: May enhance the tachycardic effect of Sympathomimetics. Exceptions: Cannabidiol. Monitor therapy
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: May decrease the excretion of Amphetamines. Exceptions: Brinzolamide; Dorzolamide. Monitor therapy
Doxofylline: Sympathomimetics may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Doxofylline. Monitor therapy
Ethosuximide: Amphetamines may diminish the therapeutic effect of Ethosuximide. Amphetamines may decrease the serum concentration of Ethosuximide. Monitor therapy
Gastrointestinal Acidifying Agents: May decrease the serum concentration of Amphetamines. Monitor therapy
Iobenguane I 123: Sympathomimetics may diminish the therapeutic effect of Iobenguane I 123. Avoid combination
Ioflupane I 123: Amphetamines may diminish the diagnostic effect of Ioflupane I 123. Monitor therapy
Linezolid: May enhance the hypertensive effect of Sympathomimetics. Management: Reduce initial doses of sympathomimetic agents, and closely monitor for enhanced pressor response, in patients receiving linezolid. Specific dose adjustment recommendations are not presently available. Consider therapy modification
Lithium: May diminish the stimulatory effect of Amphetamines. Monitor therapy
MAO Inhibitors: May enhance the hypertensive effect of Amphetamines. While linezolid and tedizolid may interact via this mechanism, management recommendations differ from other monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Refer to monographs specific to those agents for details. Exceptions: Linezolid; Tedizolid. Avoid combination
Methenamine: May decrease the serum concentration of Amphetamines. This effect is likely due to an enhanced excretion of amphetamines in the urine. Monitor therapy
Multivitamins/Fluoride (with ADE): May decrease the serum concentration of Amphetamines. More specifically, the ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in many multivitamins may decrease amphetamine concentrations. Monitor therapy
Multivitamins/Minerals (with ADEK, Folate, Iron): May decrease the serum concentration of Amphetamines. Monitor therapy
Multivitamins/Minerals (with AE, No Iron): May decrease the serum concentration of Amphetamines. Specifically, vitamin C may impair absorption of amphetamines. Monitor therapy
PHENobarbital: Amphetamines may decrease the serum concentration of PHENobarbital. Monitor therapy
Phenytoin: Amphetamines may decrease the serum concentration of Phenytoin. Monitor therapy
Sympathomimetics: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of other Sympathomimetics. Monitor therapy
Tedizolid: May enhance the hypertensive effect of Sympathomimetics. Tedizolid may enhance the tachycardic effect of Sympathomimetics. Monitor therapy
Tricyclic Antidepressants: May enhance the stimulatory effect of Amphetamines. Tricyclic Antidepressants may also potentiate the cardiovascular effects of Amphetamines. Monitor therapy
Urinary Acidifying Agents: May decrease the serum concentration of Amphetamines. Monitor therapy
Cardiac evaluation should be completed on any patient who develops exertional chest pain, unexplained syncope, and any symptom of cardiac disease during treatment with stimulants; growth (height and weight) in children; CNS activity in all patients; signs of peripheral vasculopathy (eg, digital changes); behavioral changes; signs of misuse, abuse, or addiction
When used for the treatment of ADHD, thoroughly evaluate for cardiovascular risk. Monitor heart rate, blood pressure, and consider obtaining ECG prior to initiation (Vetter 2008).
Amphetamines may elevate plasma corticosteroid levels; may interfere with urinary steroid determinations.
>10%:
Central nervous system: Insomnia (13% to 27%)
Gastrointestinal: Decreased appetite (children and adolescents: 34% to 39%; adults: 8% to 27%), xerostomia (adults: 26% to 36%; children and adolescents: 4% to 5%), upper abdominal pain (children: 12%; adults: 2%)
1% to 10%:
Cardiovascular: Increased heart rate (adults: 2% to 7%), increased blood pressure (adults: 3%)
Central nervous system: Irritability (children: 10%), anxiety (adults: 5% to 6%), jitteriness (adults: 4% to 6%), dizziness (children: 5%), agitation (adults: 3%), emotional lability (children: 3%), restlessness (adults: 2% to 3%), drowsiness (children: 2%), increased energy (adults: 2%), nightmares (adults: 2%), paresthesia (adults: 2%), tics (children: 2%)
Dermatologic: Hyperhidrosis (adults: 3% to 4%), skin rash (children: 3%), pruritus (adults: 2%)
Endocrine & metabolic: Weight loss (children and adolescents: 9%; adults: 3% to 4%), decreased libido (adults: <2%)
Gastrointestinal: Vomiting (children: 9%; adults: 2%), diarrhea (adults: 7%), nausea (6% to 7%), constipation (adults: 6%), anorexia (adults: 5%), gastroenteritis (adults: 2%)
Genitourinary: Erectile dysfunction (adults: 3%)
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Tremor (adults: 2%)
Respiratory: Dyspnea (adults: 2%), oropharyngeal pain (2%)
Miscellaneous: Fever (children: 2%)
<1% (Limited to important or life-threatening): Accommodation disturbance, bruxism, cardiomyopathy, cerebrovascular accident, decreased linear skeletal growth rate, depression, dermatillomania, diplopia, exacerbation of tics, excoriation, frequent erections, hallucination, headache, hepatitis (eosinophilic), hypersensitivity, hypertension, incoherent speech, mania, mydriasis, myocardial infarction, overstimulation, peripheral vascular insufficiency, prolonged erection, psychotic reaction, Raynauds phenomenon, seizure, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, suicidal tendencies, tachycardia
Mean dextroamphetamine clearance was reduced from 0.7 L/hour/kg to 0.4 L/hour/kg with severe renal impairment (GFR 15 to <30 mL/minute/1.73 m2) and to 0.3 L/hour/kg with ESRD; dialysis did not significantly affect the clearance of dextroamphetamine.
Concerns related to adverse effects:
- Cardiovascular events: Sudden death, stroke, and myocardial infarction have been reported in adults receiving the recommended doses of CNS stimulants. In children and adolescents with pre-existing structural cardiac abnormalities or other serious heart problems, sudden death has been reported while receiving the recommended doses of CNS stimulants for ADHD. These products should be avoided in patients with known serious structural cardiac abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, serious heart rhythm abnormalities, coronary artery disease (adults), or other serious cardiac problems that could increase the risk of sudden death. Patients should be carefully evaluated for these cardiac disorders prior to initiation of therapy. Patients who develop exertional chest pain, unexplained syncope, or arrhythmias during therapy should be evaluated promptly. CNS stimulants may increase heart rate (mean increase: 3 to 6 bpm) and blood pressure (mean increase: 2 to 4 mm Hg); monitor for adverse events related to tachycardia and hypertension.
- CNS effects: Amphetamines may impair the ability to engage in potentially hazardous activities.
- Hypersensitivity: Hypersensitivity, including anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, angioedema, and urticaria have been observed.
- Peripheral vasculopathy: Stimulants are associated with peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud phenomenon; signs/symptoms are usually mild and intermittent, and generally improve with dose reduction or discontinuation. Digital ulceration and/or soft tissue breakdown have been observed rarely; monitor for digital changes during therapy and seek further evaluation (eg, rheumatology) if necessary.
- Suicidal ideation/behavior: Suicidal ideation and/or behavior (including rare completed suicide) have been reported with ADHD drugs; monitor for signs of suicide-related behavior. Patients with suicidal thoughts/behavior should be evaluated immediately; alternative ADHD therapy may be necessary.
- Visual disturbance: Difficulty in accommodation and blurred vision has been reported with the use of stimulants.
Disease-related concerns:
- Abuse/misuse/diversion: [US Boxed Warning]: CNS stimulants (including lisdexamfetamine) have a high potential for abuse and dependence; assess for abuse potential prior to use and monitor for signs of abuse and dependence while on therapy. Use with caution in patients with history of ethanol or drug abuse (Canadian labeling contraindicates use if history of drug abuse). Prescriptions should be written for the smallest quantity consistent with good patient care to minimize possibility of overdose.
- Psychiatric disorders: Use with caution in patients with preexisting psychosis or bipolar disorder (may induce mixed/manic episode). May exacerbate symptoms of behavior and thought disorder in psychotic patients; new onset psychosis or mania may occur in children or adolescents with stimulant use. Patients should be screened for bipolar disorder prior to treatment; consider discontinuation if such symptoms (eg, delusional thinking, hallucinations, or mania) occur. May be associated with aggressive behavior or hostility (causal relationship not established); monitor for development or worsening of these behaviors.
- Tourette syndrome/tics: Use with caution in patients with Tourette syndrome; stimulants may exacerbate tics (motor and phonic) and Tourette syndrome. Evaluate for tics and Tourette syndrome prior to therapy initiation (Pliszka 2007).
Concurrent drug therapy issues:
- Drug-drug interactions: Potentially significant interactions may exist, requiring dose or frequency adjustment, additional monitoring, and/or selection of alternative therapy. Consult drug interactions database for more detailed information.
Special populations:
- Elderly: May have decreased renal, hepatic or cardiac function or other concomitant disease or drug therapy; initiate dose at the low end of the dosing range.
- Pediatric: Appetite suppression may occur; particularly in children. Use of stimulants has been associated with weight loss and slowing of growth rate; monitor growth rate and weight during treatment. Treatment interruption may be necessary in patients who are not increasing in height or gaining weight as expected.
Other warnings/precautions:
- Appropriate use: Not recommended for weight loss; safety and efficacy not established for treatment of obesity.
- Discontinuation of therapy: Abrupt discontinuation following high doses or for prolonged periods may result in symptoms for withdrawal (eg, depression, extreme fatigue). Canadian labeling recommends discontinuing therapy if improvement is not observed after 1 month of dosage titration.
C
Adverse effects have not been observed in animal reproduction studies. Lisdexamfetamine is converted to dextroamphetamine. The majority of human data is based on illicit amphetamine/methamphetamine exposure and not from therapeutic maternal use (Golub 2005). Use of amphetamines during pregnancy may lead to an increased risk of premature birth and low birth weight; newborns may experience symptoms of withdrawal. Behavioral problems may also occur later in childhood (LaGasse 2012).
Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate is a prodrug that is converted to the active component dextroamphetamine (a noncatecholamine, sympathomimetic amine). Amphetamines are noncatecholamine, sympathomimetic amines that cause release of catecholamines (primarily dopamine and norepinephrine) from their storage sites in the presynaptic nerve terminals. A less significant mechanism may include their ability to block the reuptake of catecholamines by competitive inhibition.
Rapid
Dextroamphetamine: Vd: Adults: 3.5 to 4.6 L/kg; distributes into CNS; mean CSF concentrations are 80% of plasma
Metabolized in the blood by hydrolytic activity of red blood cells to dextroamphetamine and l-lysine; does not undergo CYP mediated metabolism
Urine (96%, 42% as amphetamine-related compounds, 2% as lisdexamfetamine, 25% hippuric acid); feces (minimal)
Tmax: Lisdexamfetamine: Children 6 to 12 years: 1 hour (fasting); Adults: ~1 hour; Dextroamphetamine: Children 6 to 12 years: 3.5 hours (fasting); Adults: 3.8 hours (fasting), 4.7 hours (after a high-fat meal)
Lisdexamfetamine: <1 hour; Dextroamphetamine: 10 to 13 hours
- Discuss specific use of drug and side effects with patient as it relates to treatment. (HCAHPS: During this hospital stay, were you given any medicine that you had not taken before? Before giving you any new medicine, how often did hospital staff tell you what the medicine was for? How often did hospital staff describe possible side effects in a way you could understand?)
- Patient may experience anxiety, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, lack of appetite, weight loss, insomnia, or abdominal pain. Have patient report immediately to prescriber signs of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin [with or without fever]; red or irritated eyes; or sores in mouth, throat, nose, or eyes), severe headache, tachycardia, arrhythmia, decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, agitation, tremors, discoloration of hands or feet, burning or numbness of hands or feet, dark urine, muscle pain, muscle weakness, urinary retention, change in amount of urine passed, sores on fingers or toes, signs of severe cerebrovascular disease (change in strength on one side is greater than the other, trouble speaking or thinking, change in balance, or change in eyesight), angina, shortness of breath, severe dizziness, passing out, signs of depression (suicidal ideation, anxiety, emotional instability, illogical thinking), hallucinations, or behavioral changes (HCAHPS).
- Educate patient about signs of a significant reaction (eg, wheezing; chest tightness; fever; itching; bad cough; blue skin color; seizures; or swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat). Note: This is not a comprehensive list of all side effects. Patient should consult prescriber for additional questions.
Intended Use and Disclaimer: Should not be printed and given to patients. This information is intended to serve as a concise initial reference for health care professionals to use when discussing medications with a patient. You must ultimately rely on your own discretion, experience, and judgment in diagnosing, treating, and advising patients.