(KAF een)
Caffeine citrate: Treatment of idiopathic apnea of prematurity
Caffeine and sodium benzoate: Treatment of acute respiratory depression (not a preferred agent)
Caffeine [OTC labeling]: Restore mental alertness or wakefulness when experiencing fatigue
Hypersensitivity to caffeine or any component of the formulation; sodium benzoate is not for use in neonates
Note: Caffeine citrate should not be interchanged with the caffeine sodium benzoate formulation.
Caffeine and sodium benzoate:
Electroconvulsive therapy: IV: 300-2000 mg
Respiratory depression: IM, IV: 250 mg as a single dose; may repeat as needed. Maximum single dose should be limited to 500 mg; maximum amount in any 24-hour period should generally be limited to 2500 mg.
Spinal puncture headache (off-label use):
IV: 500 mg in 1000 mL NS infused over 1 hour, followed by 1000 mL NS infused over 1 hour; a second course of caffeine can be given for unrelieved headache pain in 4 hours.
Oral: 300 mg as a single dose
Stimulant/diuretic (off-label use): IM, IV: 500 mg, maximum single dose: 1 g
OTC labeling (stimulant): Oral: 100-200 mg every 3-4 hours as needed
Refer to adult dosing.
Note: Caffeine citrate should not be interchanged with the caffeine sodium benzoate formulation.
Caffeine citrate: Apnea of prematurity: Neonates: Oral, IV:
Loading dose: 10-20 mg/kg as caffeine citrate (5-10 mg/kg as caffeine base). If theophylline has been administered to the patient within the previous 3 days, a full or modified loading dose (50% to 75% of a loading dose) may be given.
Maintenance dose: 5 mg/kg/day as caffeine citrate (2.5 mg/kg/day as caffeine base) once daily starting 24 hours after the loading dose. Maintenance dose is adjusted based on patients response and serum caffeine concentrations.
Caffeine and sodium benzoate: Stimulant:
IM, IV, SubQ: 8 mg/kg every 4 hours as needed
Oral: OTC labeling: Children ≥12 years: Refer to adult dosing.
No dosage adjustment required.
Parenteral:
Caffeine citrate: May administer without dilution or diluted with D5W to 10 mg caffeine citrate/mL.
Caffeine and sodium benzoate: For spinal headaches, dilute in 1000 mL NS.
Oral: May be administered without regard to feedings or meals. May administer injectable formulation (caffeine citrate) orally.
Parenteral:
Caffeine citrate: Infuse loading dose over at least 30 minutes; maintenance dose may be infused over at least 10 minutes. May administer without dilution.
Caffeine and sodium benzoate: IV as slow direct injection. For spinal headaches, infuse diluted solution over 1 hour. Follow with 1000 mL NS; infuse over 1 hour. May administer IM undiluted.
Oral formulations may be taken without regard to feedings or meals.
Store at 20 � �C to 25 � �C (68 � �F to 77 � �F).
Caffeine citrate: Injection and oral solution contain no preservatives; injection is chemically stable for at least 24 hours at room temperature when diluted to 10 mg/mL (as caffeine citrate) with D5W, D50W, Intralipid � � 20%, and Aminosyn � � 8.5%; also compatible with dopamine (600 mcg/mL), calcium gluconate 10%, heparin (1 unit/mL), and fentanyl (10 mcg/mL) at room temperature for 24 hours.
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling. [DSC] = Discontinued product
Injection, solution, as citrate [preservative free]:
Cafcit: 60 mg/3 mL (3 mL) [equivalent to 10 mg/mL caffeine base]
Generic: 60 mg/3 mL (3 mL) [equivalent to 10 mg/mL caffeine base]
Injection, solution [with sodium benzoate]:
Generic: Caffeine 125 mg/mL and sodium benzoate 125 mg/mL (2 mL)
Solution, oral, as citrate [preservative free]:
Cafcit: 60 mg/3 mL (3 mL) [equivalent to 10 mg/mL caffeine base] [DSC]
Generic: 60 mg/3 mL (3 mL) [equivalent to 10 mg/mL caffeine base]
Tablet, oral:
Keep Alert: 200 mg
NoDoz Maximum Strength: 200 mg
Stay Awake: 200 mg
Stay Awake Maximum Strength: 200 mg
Vivarin: 200 mg
Generic: 200 mg
A 10 mg/mL oral solution of caffeine (as citrate) may be prepared from 10 g citrated caffeine powder combined with 10 g citric acid USP and dissolved in 1000 mL sterile water. Label "shake well " �. Stable for 3 months at room temperature (Nahata, 2004).
A 20 mg/mL oral solution of caffeine (as citrate) may be made from 10 g citrated caffeine powder and dissolved in 250 mL sterile water for irrigation. Stir solution until completely clear, then add a 2:1 mixture of simple syrup and cherry syrup in sufficient quantity to make 500 mL. Label "shake well " � and "refrigerate " �. Stable for 90 days (Eisenberg, 1984).
Eisenberg MG and Kang N, Stability of Citrated Caffeine Solutions for Injectable and Enteral Use," Am J Hosp Pharm, 1984, 41(11):2405-6.[PMID: 6507449]Nahata MC, Pai VB, and Hipple TF, Pediatric Drug Formulations, 5th ed, Cincinnati, OH: Harvey Whitney Books Co, 2004.Caffeine citrate: Stable in D5W, D50W, Intralipid � � 20%, Aminosyn � � 8.5%.
Y-site administration: Incompatible with acyclovir, furosemide, lorazepam, nitroglycerin, oxacillin, pantoprazole.
Abiraterone Acetate: May increase the serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Acebrophylline: May enhance the stimulatory effect of CNS Stimulants. Avoid combination
Adenosine: Caffeine and Caffeine Containing Products may diminish the therapeutic effect of Adenosine. Management: Monitor for decreased effect of adenosine if patient is receiving caffeine. Discontinue caffeine in advance of scheduled diagnostic use of adenosine whenever possible. Consider therapy modification
AtoMOXetine: May enhance the hypertensive effect of Sympathomimetics. AtoMOXetine may enhance the tachycardic effect of Sympathomimetics. Monitor therapy
Cannabinoid-Containing Products: May enhance the tachycardic effect of Sympathomimetics. Exceptions: Cannabidiol. Monitor therapy
Ciprofloxacin (Systemic): May increase the serum concentration of Caffeine. Monitor therapy
CYP1A2 Inhibitors (Moderate): May decrease the metabolism of CYP1A2 Substrates. Monitor therapy
CYP1A2 Inhibitors (Strong): May decrease the metabolism of CYP1A2 Substrates. Consider therapy modification
Deferasirox: May increase the serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Doxofylline: Caffeine and Caffeine Containing Products may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Doxofylline. Avoid combination
Formoterol: Caffeine and Caffeine Containing Products may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Formoterol. Caffeine and Caffeine Containing Products may enhance the hypokalemic effect of Formoterol. Monitor therapy
Indacaterol: Caffeine and Caffeine Containing Products may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Indacaterol. Caffeine and Caffeine Containing Products may enhance the hypokalemic effect of Indacaterol. Monitor therapy
Iobenguane I 123: Sympathomimetics may diminish the therapeutic effect of Iobenguane I 123. Avoid combination
Linezolid: May enhance the hypertensive effect of Sympathomimetics. Management: Reduce initial doses of sympathomimetic agents, and closely monitor for enhanced pressor response, in patients receiving linezolid. Specific dose adjustment recommendations are not presently available. Consider therapy modification
Lithium: Caffeine and Caffeine Containing Products may decrease the serum concentration of Lithium. Monitor therapy
Norfloxacin: May increase the serum concentration of Caffeine and Caffeine Containing Products. Monitor therapy
Obeticholic Acid: May increase the serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Olodaterol: Caffeine and Caffeine Containing Products may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Olodaterol. Caffeine and Caffeine Containing Products may enhance the hypokalemic effect of Olodaterol. Monitor therapy
Peginterferon Alfa-2b: May increase the serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Regadenoson: Caffeine and Caffeine Containing Products may diminish the vasodilatory effect of Regadenoson. Management: Avoiding using caffeine or other methylxanthine containing products (e.g., theophylline) for at least 12 hours prior to the administration of regadenoson. Consider therapy modification
Stiripentol: May increase the serum concentration of Caffeine and Caffeine Containing Products. Avoid combination
Sympathomimetics: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of other Sympathomimetics. Monitor therapy
Tedizolid: May enhance the hypertensive effect of Sympathomimetics. Tedizolid may enhance the tachycardic effect of Sympathomimetics. Monitor therapy
Teriflunomide: May decrease the serum concentration of Caffeine and Caffeine Containing Products. Monitor therapy
TiZANidine: CYP1A2 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of TiZANidine. Management: Avoid these combinations when possible. If combined use cannot be avoided, initiate tizanidine at an adult dose of 2 mg and increase in 2-4 mg increments based on patient response. Monitor for increased effects of tizanidine, including adverse reactions. Consider therapy modification
Vemurafenib: May increase the serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates. Management: Consider alternatives to such combinations whenever possible, particularly if the CYP1A2 substrate has a relatively narrow therapeutic index. Consider therapy modification
Frequency not specified; primarily serum-concentration related.
Cardiovascular: Angina pectoris, chest pain, flushing, palpitations, sinus tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, vasodilatation, ventricular arrhythmia
Central nervous system: Agitation, delirium, dizziness, hallucination, headache, insomnia, irritability, psychosis, restlessness
Dermatologic: Urticaria
Gastrointestinal: Esophageal motility disorder (sphincter tone decreased), gastritis
Genitourinary: Diuresis
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Fasciculations
Ophthalmic: Increased intraocular pressure (>180 mg caffeine), miosis
Pregnancy, smoking, and cirrhosis: Half-life is increased.
Disease-related concerns:
- Anxiety: Avoid use in patients with anxiety, agitation, or tremor.
- Cardiovascular disease: Use with caution in patients with cardiovascular disease; avoid use in patients with symptomatic cardiac arrhythmias.
- Gastrointestinal disease: Use with caution in patients with a history of peptic ulcer and/or gastroesophageal reflux.
- Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment.
- Renal impairment: Use with caution in patients with renal impairment.
- Seizure disorder: Use with caution in patients with a history of seizure disorder; may lower seizure threshold leading to new onset or breakthrough seizure activity.
Special populations:
- Neonates: Caffeine citrate should be closely monitored for the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in the neonate; caffeine serum levels should be closely monitored to optimize therapy and prevent serious toxicity. Avoid use of products containing sodium benzoate in neonates; has been associated with a potentially fatal toxicity ( "gasping syndrome " �) in neonates, including metabolic acidosis, respiratory distress, gasping respirations, seizures, intracranial hemorrhage, hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse. In vitro and animal studies have shown that benzoate also displaces bilirubin from protein-binding sites.
Dosage form specific issues:
- OTC products: Over-the-counter [OTC] products contain an amount of caffeine similar to one cup of coffee; limit the use of other caffeine-containing beverages or foods.
- Product interchangeability: Caffeine citrate should not be interchanged with caffeine and sodium benzoate.
Other warnings and precautions:
- Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: Analgesia from transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation may be lessened with concomitant caffeine use (Marchand, 1995).
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Adverse events were observed in animal reproduction studies. Caffeine crosses the placenta; serum concentrations in the fetus are similar to those in the mother (Grosso, 2005). Based on current studies, usual dietary exposure to caffeine is unlikely to cause congenital malformations (Brent, 2011). However, available data shows conflicting results related to maternal caffeine use and the risk of other adverse events, such as spontaneous abortion or growth retardation (Brent, 2011; Jahanfar, 2013). The half-life of caffeine is prolonged during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and maternal and fetal exposure is also influenced by maternal smoking or drinking (Brent, 2011; Koren, 2000). Current guidelines recommend limiting caffeine intake from all sources to ≤200 mg/day (ACOG, 2010).
Increases levels of 35' cyclic AMP by inhibiting phosphodiesterase; CNS stimulant which increases medullary respiratory center sensitivity to carbon dioxide, stimulates central inspiratory drive, and improves skeletal muscle contraction (diaphragmatic contractility); prevention of apnea may occur by competitive inhibition of adenosine
Vd: Neonates: 0.8-0.9 L/kg; Children >9 months to Adults: 0.6 L/kg
Hepatic, via demethylation by CYP1A2. Note: In neonates, interconversion between caffeine and theophylline has been reported (caffeine levels are ~25% of measured theophylline after theophylline administration and ~3% to 8% of caffeine would be expected to be converted to theophylline)
Neonates ≤1 month: 86% excreted unchanged in urine
Infants >1 month and Adults: In urine, as metabolites
Clearance:
Neonates: 8.9 mL/hour/kg (range: 2.5-17)
Adults: 94 mL/hour/kg
Serum: Oral: Within 30 minutes to 2 hours
Neonates: 72-96 hours (range: 40-230 hours)
Children >9 months and Adults: 5 hours
17% (children) to 36% (adults)
- Discuss specific use of drug and side effects with patient as it relates to treatment. (HCAHPS: During this hospital stay, were you given any medicine that you had not taken before? Before giving you any new medicine, how often did hospital staff tell you what the medicine was for? How often did hospital staff describe possible side effects in a way you could understand?)
- Patient may experience irritability or insomnia. Have patient report immediately to prescriber tachycardia or severe anxiety (HCAHPS).
- Educate patient about signs of a significant reaction (eg, wheezing; chest tightness; fever; itching; bad cough; blue skin color; seizures; or swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat). Note: This is not a comprehensive list of all side effects. Patient should consult prescriber for additional questions.
Intended Use and Disclaimer: Should not be printed and given to patients. This information is intended to serve as a concise initial reference for healthcare professionals to use when discussing medications with a patient. You must ultimately rely on your own discretion, experience and judgment in diagnosing, treating and advising patients.