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Lead (Pb)


Definition


  • An element with four stable isotopes (204, 206, 207, and 208) found naturally in minerals; in man-made products such as paint, gasoline, cigarette smoke, solder in cans, and ceramics; and as a contaminant in soil and water.
  • Normal range: <10 Ž ¼g/dL (<0.48 mmol/L).

Use


  • Lead is malleable, ductile, and a poor conductor of electricity; therefore, it is used in building construction, bullets, lead " “acid batteries, pewter, and radiation shields.

Interpretation


  • Refer to current local state or federal (CDC) guidelines regarding treatment at specific blood lead concentrations. Note that thresholds for treatment vary for adults, children, and pregnant women.
  • See discussion of lead poisoning in Chapter 14.

Limitations


  • Whole blood free of clots.
  • Specimen must be collected using a procedure that minimizes environmental contamination.
  • Specimen container must be lead free.
  • POC testing devices:
    • Electrochemical methodology
    • One-step sample pretreatment
    • Limit of quantitation: 3 " “5 Ž ¼g/dL
    • Results available in <5 minutes
    • Results may agree within ‚ ±20% ICP-MS
  • Laboratory-based instrumentation
    • Atomic absorption
      • Target analyte: nonionized atomic lead
      • Limit of quantitation: 1 Ž ¼g/dL
    • Anodic stripping
      • Target analyte: oxidized lead
      • Limit of quantitation: 1 " “2 Ž ¼g/dL
      • Requires sample pretreatment
    • Inductively coupled plasma MS
      • Target analyte: ions at mass/charge ratio of natural isotopes of Pb
      • Limit of quantitation: <1 Ž ¼g/dL
      • Expensive technology
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