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C-Reactive Protein, High Sensitivity

para>Source: Pearson ‚  TA, Mensah ‚  GA, Alexander ‚  RW Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Application to clinical and public health practice. A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation.  2003;107:499 " “511.

Use


  • Performing risk assessment for cardiovascular disease: Cardiac disease is believed to be the end result of interplay between minor changes in the cardiovascular endothelium and the corresponding inflammatory response to these changes.
    • hs-CRP is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. It adds to the predictive value of total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol for future events.
    • hs-CRP may be useful as an independent marker of prognosis for recurrent events in patients with stable coronary disease or acute coronary syndrome. Recent evidence supporting this potential application has shown that high baseline values of CRP in individuals without a history of cardiac disease were associated with an increased incidence of subsequent cardiac events.
  • Determining risk of hypotension: hs-CRP has been reported as a risk factor for hypotension.

Interpretation


  • hs-CRP appears within 24 " “48 hours, peaks at 72 hours, and becomes negative after 7 days; it correlates with peak CK-MB levels, but the CRP peak occurs 1 " “3 days later.
  • Failure of CRP to return to normal indicates tissue damage in the heart or elsewhere. The absence of a CRP increase raises the question of necrosis in prior 2 " “10 days. CRP is usually normal in patients with unstable angina in the absence of tissue necrosis and a normal troponin T (<0.1 ng/mL).
  • Peak hs-CRP correlates with peak CK-MB following AMI. CRP may remain increased for at least 3 months following AMI.

Increased In


  • Acute or chronic inflammatory change
  • Tissue injury or necrosis
  • Ischemia or infarction of other tissues
  • Infections, inflammation, tissue injury, or necrosis (possible)
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Elevated blood pressure
  • Malignant (but not benign) tumors, especially of the breast, lung, and GI tract
  • Pancreatitis
  • Postsurgery
  • Burns, trauma
  • Leukemia: fever, blast crisis, or cytotoxic drugs
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Hormone therapy, estrogen, and progesterone

Decreased In


  • Exercise and weight loss
  • Moderate alcohol consumption
  • Drugs (e.g., statins, fibrates, niacin)

Limitations


  • Race and gender differences affect CRP levels. One study indicates that black patients have higher levels than white patients and women have higher levels than men.

Suggested Readings


1Khera ‚  A, McGuire ‚  DK, Murphy Race and gender differences in C-reactive protein levels. J Am Coll Cardiol.  2005;46:464 " “469. 2Pearson ‚  TA, George ‚  A, Mensah ‚  R Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Application to clinical and public health practice. A Statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation.  2003;107:499 " “511.
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