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Tiotropium


General


Pronunciation

(ty oh TRO pee um)


Brand Names: U.S.

  • Spiriva HandiHaler
  • Spiriva Respimat

Indications


Use: Labeled Indications

US labeling:

Asthma (Spiriva Respimat only): Maintenance treatment of asthma in patients 12 years and older.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema; reduction of COPD exacerbations

Limitations of use: Not indicated for the relief of acute bronchospasm.

Canadian labeling:

Asthma: Add-on maintenance bronchodilator therapy in asthmatic adults who remain symptomatic despite combination therapy with an inhaled corticosteroid (equivalent to, but not limited to ≥500 mcg fluticasone or ≥800 mcg budesonide) and a long acting beta-2 agonist and who have experienced ≥1 severe exacerbations in the prior year.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema; reduction of COPD exacerbations

Limitations of use: Not indicated as rescue medication for relief of acute bronchospasm. Not indicated as first-line treatment or as monotherapy in asthma.


Contraindications


Hypersensitivity to ipratropium, tiotropium, or any component of the formulation

Canadian labeling: Additional contraindications (not in US labeling): Hypersensitivity to atropine or its derivatives


Dosing and Administration


Dosing: Adult

Asthma::

US labeling: Oral inhalation: Spiriva Respimat (1.25 mcg/actuation): Two inhalations (2.5 mcg) once daily (maximum: 2 inhalations per 24 hours). Note: Maximum benefits may take up to 4 to 8 weeks of dosing.

Canadian labeling: Oral inhalation: Spiriva Respimat (2.5 mcg/actuation): Two inhalations (5 mcg) once daily (maximum: 2 inhalations per 24 hours). Note: Must be used in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid and a long acting beta2-agonist.

COPD: Oral inhalation:

Spiriva HandiHaler: Contents of 1 capsule (18 mcg) inhaled once daily using HandiHaler device. Note: To ensure drug delivery, the contents of each capsule should be inhaled twice.

Spiriva Respimat (2.5 mcg/actuation): Two inhalations (5 mcg) once daily (maximum: 2 inhalations per 24 hours).


Dosing: Geriatric

Refer to adult dosing.


Dosing: Pediatric

Asthma: Children ≥12 years and Adolescents: Oral inhalation: Spiriva Respimat: Refer to adult dosing.


Dosing: Renal Impairment

CrCl >60 mL/minute: No dosage adjustment necessary.

CrCl ≤60 mL/minute: No dosage adjustment necessary; use with caution and closely for anticholinergic adverse events.


Dosing: Hepatic Impairment

No dosage adjustment necessary.


Administration

For oral inhalation only.

Spiriva Handihaler: Do not swallow capsule. Administer at the same time each day. Do not remove capsule from blister until immediately before use. Place capsule in the center chamber of the HandiHaler Inhaler. Must only use the HandiHaler Inhaler. Close mouthpiece firmly until a click is heard, leaving dustcap open. The capsule is pierced by pressing and releasing the green piercing button on the side of the HandiHaler device. Exhale fully. Close lips tightly around mouthpiece; do not exhale into inhaler. Tilt head slightly back and inhale (rapidly, steadily, and deeply); the capsule vibration (rattle) may be heard within the device. Hold breath for a few seconds then repeat procedure using the same tiotropium capsule. Throw away empty capsule by tipping into a trash can without touching it; do not leave in inhaler. Keep capsules and inhaler dry. Discard any capsules that are exposed to air and not used immediately.

Spiriva Respimat: Prior to first use, insert cartridge into the inhaler and prime the unit by actuating the inhaler toward the ground until an aerosol cloud is visible; repeat three more times and then the unit is primed and ready for use. If not used for more than 3 days, actuate the inhaler once to prepare the inhaler for use (Canadian labeling indicates that this process is required if the inhaler has not been used for more than 7 days). If not used for more than 21 days, actuate the inhaler until an aerosol cloud is visible and then repeat the process three more times to prepare the inhaler for use.


Storage

Spiriva HandiHaler: Store at 25 ‚ °C (77 ‚ °F); excursions permitted between 15 ‚ °C and 30 ‚ °C (59 ‚ °F and 86 ‚ °F). Avoid extreme temperatures and moisture. Do not store capsules in HandiHaler device. Store capsules in the blister pack and only remove immediately before use. Once protective foil is peeled back and/or removed, the capsule should be used immediately; if capsule is not used immediately it should be discarded.

Spiriva Respimat: Store at 25 ‚ °C (77 ‚ °F); excursions are permitted between 15 ‚ °C and 30 ‚ °C (59 ‚ °F and 86 ‚ °F). Avoid freezing.


Dosage Forms/Strengths


Dosage Forms

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Aerosol Solution, Inhalation:

Spiriva Respimat: 1.25 mcg/actuation (4 g); 2.5 mcg/actuation (4 g) [contains benzalkonium chloride, disodium edta]

Capsule, Inhalation:

Spiriva HandiHaler: 18 mcg [contains milk protein]


Drug Interactions

AbobotulinumtoxinA: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the anticholinergic effect of AbobotulinumtoxinA. Monitor therapy

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Monitor therapy

Aclidinium: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Avoid combination

Analgesics (Opioid): Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Analgesics (Opioid). Specifically, the risk for constipation and urinary retention may be increased with this combination. Monitor therapy

Anticholinergic Agents: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Tiotropium. Avoid combination

Cannabinoid-Containing Products: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the tachycardic effect of Cannabinoid-Containing Products. Exceptions: Cannabidiol. Monitor therapy

Cimetropium: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Cimetropium. Avoid combination

Eluxadoline: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the constipating effect of Eluxadoline. Avoid combination

Gastrointestinal Agents (Prokinetic): Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Gastrointestinal Agents (Prokinetic). Monitor therapy

Glucagon: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Glucagon. Specifically, the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects may be increased. Avoid combination

Glycopyrrolate (Oral Inhalation): Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Glycopyrrolate (Oral Inhalation). Avoid combination

Ipratropium (Oral Inhalation): May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Avoid combination

Itopride: Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Itopride. Monitor therapy

Levosulpiride: Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Levosulpiride. Avoid combination

Loxapine: Agents to Treat Airway Disease may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Loxapine. More specifically, the use of Agents to Treat Airway Disease is likely a marker of patients who are likely at a greater risk for experiencing significant bronchospasm from use of inhaled loxapine. Management: This is specific to the Adasuve brand of loxapine, which is an inhaled formulation. This does not apply to non-inhaled formulations of loxapine. Avoid combination

Mianserin: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Monitor therapy

Mirabegron: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Mirabegron. Monitor therapy

OnabotulinumtoxinA: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the anticholinergic effect of OnabotulinumtoxinA. Monitor therapy

Oxatomide: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Avoid combination

Potassium Chloride: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the ulcerogenic effect of Potassium Chloride. Management: Patients on drugs with substantial anticholinergic effects should avoid using any solid oral dosage form of potassium chloride. Avoid combination

Pramlintide: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. These effects are specific to the GI tract. Consider therapy modification

Ramosetron: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the constipating effect of Ramosetron. Monitor therapy

RimabotulinumtoxinB: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the anticholinergic effect of RimabotulinumtoxinB. Monitor therapy

Secretin: Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Secretin. Management: Avoid using drugs with substantial anticholinergic effects in patients receiving secretin whenever possible. If such agents must be used in combination, monitor closely for a diminished response to secretin. Consider therapy modification

Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics: Anticholinergic Agents may increase the serum concentration of Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics. Monitor therapy

Topiramate: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Topiramate. Monitor therapy

Umeclidinium: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Avoid combination


Monitoring Parameters

FEV1, peak flow (or other pulmonary function studies); anticholinergic adverse reactions (patients with CrCl ≤50 mL/min); signs and symptoms of narrow angle glaucoma and urinary retention


Adverse Reactions


Non-postmarketing incidences listed are for powder for inhalation unless otherwise specified.

>10%:

Gastrointestinal: Xerostomia (powder and solution: 4% to 16%)

Respiratory: Upper respiratory tract infection (41% to 43%), pharyngitis (powder and solution: 7% to 16%), sinusitis (powder and solution: 3% to 11%)

1% to 10%:

Cardiovascular: Chest pain (powder and solution ≤7%), edema (dependent, 3% to 5%), angina pectoris (1% to 3%; includes exacerbation of angina pectoris), palpitations (powder and solution: ≤3%), hypertension (solution: 1% to 2%)

Central nervous system: Headache (powder and solution: 4% to 6%), depression ( ≤4%), insomnia (powder and solution: ≤4%), dizziness (powder and solution: ≤3%), paresthesia (1% to 3%), voice disorder (powder and solution: ≤3%)

Dermatologic: Skin rash (powder and solution: 1% to 4%), pruritus (powder and solution: ≤3%)

Endocrine & metabolic: Hypercholesterolemia (1% to 3%), hyperglycemia (1% to 3%)

Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (5% to 6%), dyspepsia (1% to 6%), constipation (powder and solution: 1% to 5%), omitting (1% to 4%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (powder and solution: ≤3%), gastrointestinal disease (not otherwise specified; 1% to 3%), oropharyngeal candidiasis (powder and solution: ≤3%), stomatitis (includes ulcerative stomatitis; powder and solution: ≤3%), diarrhea (solution: 1% to 2%)

Genitourinary: Urinary tract infection (powder and solution: 1% to 7%)

Hypersensitivity: Hypersensitivity reaction (powder and solution: ≤3%)

Infection: Candidiasis (3% to 4%), infection (1% to 4%), herpes zoster (powder and solution ≤3%)

Neuromuscular & skeletal: Arthralgia (4%), myalgia (4%), arthritis ( ≥3%), leg pain (1% to 3%), skeletal pain (1% to 3%)

Ophthalmic: Cataract (1% to 3%)

Respiratory: Rhinitis (powder and solution ≤6%), epistaxis (powder and solution: ≤4%), cough (powder: ≥3%; solution: 1% to 2% ), flu-like symptoms ( ≥3%), bronchitis (solution: 3%), laryngitis (powder and solution: ≤3%), allergic rhinitis (solution: 1% to 2%)

Respiratory: Rhinitis (powder and solution ≤6%), epistaxis (powder and solution: ≤4%), cough (powder: ≥3%; solution: 1% to 2% ), flu-like symptoms ( ≥3%), bronchitis (solution: 3%), laryngitis (powder and solution: ≤3%), allergic rhinitis (solution: 1% to 2%)

<1%, postmarketing, and/or case reports: Abnormal hepatic function tests, anaphylaxis, angioedema, application site irritation (powder; includes glossitis, oral mucosa ulcer, pharyngolaryngeal pain), atrial fibrillation, blurred vision, bronchospasm, dehydration, dermal ulcer, dysphagia, dysuria, gingivitis, glaucoma, glossitis, hepatic insufficiency, hoarseness, increased intraocular pressure, intestinal obstruction (includes paralytic ileus), joint swelling, limb pain, muscle spasm, mydriasis (if powder comes in contact with eyes), oropharyngeal pain, paradoxical bronchospasm, skin infection, supraventricular tachycardia, tachycardia, throat irritation, tonsillitis, urinary retention, urticaria, xeroderma

<1% (Limited to important or life-threatening): Anaphylaxis, application site irritation (powder; includes glossitis, oral mucosa ulcer, pharyngolaryngeal pain), atrial fibrillation, dermal ulcer, gingivitis, glaucoma, glossitis, hepatic insufficiency, intestinal obstruction (includes paralytic ileus), joint swelling, paradoxical bronchospasm, skin infection, supraventricular tachycardia, tachycardia, tonsillitis, urinary retention


Warnings/Precautions


Special Populations: Renal Function Impairment

Reduced clearance and increased plasma concentrations may occur.


Special Populations: Elderly

Reduced clearance may occur.


Warnings/Precautions

Concerns related to adverse effects:

- Bronchospasm: Paradoxical bronchospasm may occur with use of inhaled agents; discontinue use and consider other therapy if bronchospasm occurs.

- CNS effects: May cause dizziness and blurred vision; patients must be cautioned about performing tasks that require mental alertness (eg, operating machinery or driving).

- Hypersensitivity reactions: Immediate hypersensitivity reactions (urticaria, angioedema, rash, bronchospasm, anaphylaxis, itching) have been reported. Discontinue immediately if signs/symptoms occur. Use with caution in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to atropine. The Canadian labeling contraindicates use in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to atropine or its derivatives.

Disease-related concerns:

- Glaucoma: May worsen symptoms of narrow-angle glaucoma; use with caution.

- Prostatic hyperplasia/bladder neck obstruction: May worsen the symptoms of prostatic hyperplasia and/or bladder neck obstruction; use with caution.

- Renal impairment: Use with caution in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment (CrCl ≤60 mL/minute); monitor closely for anticholinergic adverse events.

Concurrent drug therapy issues:

- Drug-drug interactions: Potentially significant interactions may exist, requiring dose or frequency adjustment, additional monitoring, and/or selection of alternative therapy. Consult drug interactions database for more detailed information.

Dosage form specific issues:

- Lactose: Capsule for oral inhalation contains lactose; use with caution in patients with severe milk protein allergy.

Other warnings/precautions:

- Appropriate administration: Not indicated for the initial (rescue) treatment of acute episodes of bronchospasm.

- Appropriate use: Spiriva HandiHaler: The contents of Spiriva capsules are for inhalation only via the HandiHaler device. Capsules should not be swallowed; there have been reports of incorrect administration (swallowing of the capsules).

- Appropriate use: Spiriva Respimat: The contents of Spiriva inhalation spray are for inhalation only via the Respimat inhaler.

- Avoid ocular contact: Avoid inadvertent instillation into the eyes; may dilate pupils and/or cause blurred vision.


Pregnancy Risk Factor

C


Pregnancy Considerations

Adverse events have been observed in animal reproduction studies.


Actions


Pharmacology

Competitively and reversibly inhibits the action of acetylcholine at type 3 muscarinic (M3) receptors in bronchial smooth muscle causing bronchodilation


Absorption

Poorly absorbed from GI tract, systemic absorption may occur from lung.


Distribution

Vd: 32 L/kg


Metabolism

Hepatic (minimal), via CYP2D6 and CYP3A4


Excretion

Urine (7% of an inhaled dose [dry powder inhalation]; 18.6% of an inhaled dose (COPD) or 12.8% (asthma) [inhalation solution])


Time to Peak

Dry powder inhalation: Plasma: 7 minutes (following inhalation)

Inhalation solution: Plasma: 5 to 7 minutes (following inhalation)


Half-Life Elimination

Dry powder inhalation: COPD: ~25 hours

Inhalation solution: Asthma: 44 hours; COPD: 25 hours


Protein Binding

72%


Patient and Family Education


Patient Education

- Discuss specific use of drug and side effects with patient as it relates to treatment. (HCAHPS: During this hospital stay, were you given any medicine that you had not taken before? Before giving you any new medicine, how often did hospital staff tell you what the medicine was for? How often did hospital staff describe possible side effects in a way you could understand?)

- Patient may experience dry mouth, nausea, abdominal pain, dizziness, rhinitis, rhinorrhea, or pharyngitis. Have patient report immediately to prescriber vision changes, eye pain, severe eye irritation, visual halos or bright lights, difficult urination, painful urination, angina, stomatitis, difficulty breathing, wheezing, or cough (HCAHPS).

- Educate patient about signs of a significant reaction (eg, wheezing; chest tightness; fever; itching; bad cough; blue skin color; seizures; or swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat). Note: This is not a comprehensive list of all side effects. Patient should consult prescriber for additional questions.

Intended Use and Disclaimer: Should not be printed and given to patients. This information is intended to serve as a concise initial reference for health care professionals to use when discussing medications with a patient. You must ultimately rely on your own discretion, experience, and judgment in diagnosing, treating, and advising patients.

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