(oks i KOE done)
Pain management:
Immediate-release formulations: Management of acute or chronic moderate to severe pain where the use of an opioid analgesic is appropriate (concentrated solution [20 mg/mL] is indicated only in opioid-tolerant patients).
Extended-release formulations:
Capsules: Management of pain severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long-term opioid treatment and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate in adults
Tablets: Management of pain severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long-term opioid treatment and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate in adults and opioid-tolerant pediatric patients ≥11 years of age who are already receiving and tolerating a minimum daily opioid dose of at least 20 mg oxycodone orally or its equivalent.
Limitations of use: Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse with opioids, even at recommended doses, and because of the greater risks of overdose and death with extended-release opioid formulations, reserve oxycodone ER for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options (eg, nonopioid analgesics, immediate-release opioids) are ineffective, not tolerated, or would be otherwise inadequate to provide sufficient management of pain. Oxycodone ER is not indicated as an as-needed analgesic.
Hypersensitivity to oxycodone or any component of the formulation; significant respiratory depression; hypercarbia; acute or severe bronchial asthma; paralytic ileus (known or suspected); GI obstruction
Canadian labeling: Additional contraindications (not in US labeling): Hypersensitivity to other opioids; suspected surgical abdomen (eg, acute appendicitis or pancreatitis); any disease/condition that affects bowel transit; mild pain that can be managed with other pain medications (immediate release); mild, intermittent or short duration pain that can be managed with other pain medications or acute pain (extended release); chronic obstructive airway; status asthmaticus; cor pulmonale; acute alcoholism; delirium tremens; convulsive disorders; severe CNS depression; increased cerebrospinal or intracranial pressure; head injury; monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (concomitant use or within 14 days of therapy); pregnant women or during labor and delivery; breast-feeding
Oxycodone ER exposes patients and other users to the risks of opioid addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death. Assess each patients risk prior to prescribing oxycodone and monitor all patients regularly for the development of these behaviors or conditions.
Life-threatening respiratory depression (extended-release tablet/capsule):Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may occur with use of oxycodone ER. Monitor for respiratory depression, especially during initiation of oxycodone ER or following a dose increase. Instruct patients to swallow oxycodone ER tablets whole; crushing, chewing, or dissolving oxycodone ER tablets can cause rapid release and absorption of a potentially fatal dose of oxycodone.
Accidental ingestion (extended-release tablet/capsule):Accidental ingestion of even one dose of oxycodone ER, especially by children, can result in a fatal overdose of oxycodone.
Neonatal opioid withdrawal (extended-release tablet/capsule):Prolonged use of oxycodone ER during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts. If opioid use is required for a prolonged period in a pregnant woman, advise the patient of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 interaction (extended-release tablet/capsule):The concomitant use of oxycodone ER with all cytochrome P450 (CYP-450) 3A4 inhibitors may result in an increase in oxycodone plasma concentrations, which could increase or prolong adverse drug effects and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression. In addition, discontinuation of a concomitantly used CYP3A4 inducer may result in an increase in oxycodone plasma concentration. Monitor patients receiving oxycodone ER and any CYP3A4 inhibitor or inducer.
Appropriate use (20 mg/mL oral concentrate):Oxycodone concentrated oral solution is available as a 20 mg/mL concentration and is indicated for use in opioid-tolerant patients only.
Take care when prescribing and administering oxycodone concentrated oral solution to avoid dosing errors due to confusion between milligram and milliliter, and other oxycodone solutions with different concentrations, which could result in accidental overdose and death. Take care to ensure the proper dose is communicated and dispensed. Keep oxycodone out of the reach of children. In case of accidental ingestion, seek emergency medical help immediately.
Appropriate use (5 mg/5 mL oral solution)Take care when prescribing and administering oxycodone oral solution to avoid dosing errors due to confusion between milligram and milliliter, and other oxycodone solutions with different concentrations, which could result in accidental overdose and death. Take care to ensure the proper dose is communicated and dispensed. Keep oxycodone out of the reach of children. In case of accidental ingestion, seek emergency medical help immediately.
Pain management: Oral: Note: All doses should be titrated to appropriate effect. Reduced initial doses may be necessary in patients with adrenocortical insufficiency (eg, Addison disease), hypothyroidism, myxedema, severe respiratory impairment, toxic psychosis, prostatic hypertrophy or urethral stricture:
Immediate release: Initial: 5 to 15 mg every 4 to 6 hours as needed; dosing range: 5 to 20 mg per dose (APS 6th edition). For severe chronic pain, administer on a regularly scheduled basis, every 4 to 6 hours, at the lowest dose that will achieve adequate analgesia.
Extended release:
Note: Oxycodone ER capsules are not bioequivalent to ER tablets. Dose of ER capsules is expressed as oxycodone base and the dose of ER tablets is expressed as oxycodone hydrochloride. Oxycodone ER 60 mg and 80 mg tablets are intended for use in opioid-tolerant patients only. Single doses >40 mg (ER tablets) or >36 mg (ER capsules), or a total dose of >80 mg daily (ER tablets) or >72 mg daily (ER capsules) are for use only in opioid-tolerant patients. Opioid tolerance is defined as: Patients already taking at least morphine 60 mg orally daily, oxymorphone 25 mg orally daily, transdermal fentanyl 25 mcg per hour, oxycodone 30 mg orally daily, hydromorphone 8 mg orally daily, hydrocodone 60 mg orally daily or an equivalent dose of another opioid for at least 1 week.
Opioid naive (use as the first opioid analgesic or use in patients who are not opioid tolerant): Initial:
ER tablet: 10 mg every 12 hours
ER capsules: 9 mg every 12 hours
Conversion from other oral oxycodone formulations to oxycodone ER: Initiate oxycodone ER with 50%of the total daily oral oxycodone daily dose (mg/day) administered every 12 hours.
Conversion from other opioids to oxycodone ER: Discontinue all other around-the-clock opioids when oxycodone ER is initiated. Initiate with 10 mg (ER tablets) or 9 mg (ER capsules) every 12 hours. Substantial interpatient variability exists due to patient specific factors, relative potency of different opioids, and dosage forms; therefore, it is preferable to underestimate the initial 24 hour oral oxycodone requirements and utilize rescue medication (immediate-release opioid).
Conversion from transdermal fentanyl patch to oxycodone ER: Note: Remove fentanyl patch at least 18 hours prior to starting oxycodone ER. The manufacturer suggests using the conservative conversion factor of oxycodone ER tablets 10 mg or oxycodone ER capsules 9 mg every 12 hours for each fentanyl 25 mcg/hour transdermal patch; systematic assessment of this suggested conversion has not been completed; monitor patients closely.
Conversion from methadone to oxycodone ER: Close monitoring is required when converting methadone to another opioid. Ratio between methadone and other opioid agonists varies widely according to previous dose exposure. Methadone has a long half-life and can accumulate in the plasma.
Maintenance dose: Dosage adjustment (titration): After initiation of oxycodone ER, adjust dose in increments (25% to 50%) no more frequently than every 1 to 2 days until desired pain control. Recommended maximum dose of ER capsules is 288 mg/day. Patients may require rescue doses of an immediate-release analgesic during dose titration. Observe for signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal or signs of over sedation/toxicity; if unacceptable adverse reactions occur, the subsequent dose may be reduced. Note: Some clinicians have reported that in certain chronic pain patients, more frequent dosing (ie, every 8 hours) is required for effective pain relief (Gallagher 2007; Marcus 2004; Nicholson 2006), although dosing more frequently than every 12 hours is not recommended by the manufacturer, and safety and efficacy has not been established.
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Concomitant CNS depressants: Initiate oxycodone ER with 33% to 50% of the calculated recommended dose. If reduced dose is less than smallest available dosage form consider alternative analgesic.
Discontinuation of therapy:
Immediate release: Decrease previous daily dose by 25% to 50% each day; monitor for signs/symptoms of withdrawal. If patient displays withdrawal symptoms, increase dose to previous dose and then reduce dose more slowly by increasing interval between dose reductions, decreasing amount of daily dose reduction, or both.
Extended release: Gradually titrate dose downward to prevent withdrawal signs/symptoms. Do not abruptly discontinue.
Dosage adjustment in debilitated patients (nonopioid tolerant):
Immediate release: Initial: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturers labeling; use caution.
Extended release: Initial: Initiate oxycodone ER with 33% to 50% of the calculated recommended dose. If reduced dose is less than smallest available dosage form consider alternative analgesic.
Refer to adult dosing. Initiate therapy at low end of dosing range and use caution.
Pain management: Children and Adolescents: Oral:
Moderate to severe pain (off-label use):Immediate release: Initial dose: 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg/dose (moderate pain) or 0.2 mg/kg/dose (severe pain) (APS 6th edition). For severe chronic pain, administer on a regularly scheduled basis, every 4 to 6 hours, at the lowest dose that will achieve adequate analgesia.
Severe pain requiring around-the-clock long-term opioid therapy:Extended release tablets:Note: Use only in pediatric patients ≥11 years of age who are already receiving opioid therapy for at least 5 consecutive days, tolerating a minimum daily opioid dose of at least 20 mg oxycodone orally or its equivalent at least for the two days immediately prior to starting oxycodone ER, and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate. Prior to initiation of oxycodone ER, all other around-the-clock opioid therapy must be discontinued. Extended-release capsules are not approved for use in pediatric patients.
Initial dose: Children ≥11 years and Adolescents: Oral: Initial dose based on current opioid regimen dose; use the conversion factor table to convert from the current opioid(s) daily dose to the oxycodone ER daily dose according to the following equation. Note: Substantial interpatient variability exists due to patient specific factors, relative potency of different opioids, and dosage forms; therefore, it is preferable to underestimate the initial 24 hour oral oxycodone requirements and utilize rescue medication (immediate-release opioid):
Dose of oxycodone ER administered every 12 hours = (mg/day of current opioid regimen X conversion factor)/ 2
Dose calculations or adjustments for specific clinical scenarios:
If rounding is necessary, numerical value should be rounded down to the nearest tablet strength. If calculated dose is <20 mg, do not start oxycodone ER as there is no safe tablet strength available.
If more than one opioid in the regimen, calculate the approximate oxycodone dose for each opioid and sum the totals for the approximate oxycodone ER daily dose, then divided by 2 for the every 12 hours oxycodone ER dose.
If current opioid regimen includes a fixed-dose opioid/nonopioid dosage form (eg, hydrocodone/acetaminophen), only the mg of opioid should be used in the conversion calculations.
If patient receiving concomitant CNS depressants, initiate oxycodone ER with 33% to 50% of the calculated recommended dose.
If using asymmetric dosing, the higher dose should be scheduled as the morning dose, and the lower dose 12 hours later.
Note: The following conversion table should ONLY be used to convert opioid doses to oxycodone ER tablets (not from oxycodone ER to other opioids; it is NOT a table of equianalgesic doses as it may overestimate initial dose).
Conversion Factor for Calculating Initial Oxycodone ER Tablet Dose in Pediatric Patients ≥11 yearsCurrent opioid regimen to be converted to oxycodone ER tablet
Conversion Factor
1For patients receiving high-dose parenteral opioids, a more conservative conversion factor should be applied (ie, lower numerical conversion factor); for example, for high-dose parenteral morphine, a conversion of 1.5 should be used for calculations instead of 3.
Oral
Parenteral1
Oxycodone
1
Hydrocodone
0.9
Hydromorphone
4
20
Morphine
0.5
3
Tramadol
0.17
0.2
Table has been converted to the following text.
Conversion Factor for Calculating Initial Oxycodone ER Tablet Dose in Pediatric Patients ≥11 years
Current opioid regimen to be converted to Oxycodone ER tablet: Oxycodone: Oral: Conversion factor = 1
Current opioid regimen to be converted to Oxycodone ER tablet: Hydrocodone: Oral: Conversion factor = 0.9
Current opioid regimen to be converted to Oxycodone ER tablet: Hydromorphone: Oral: Conversion factor = 4; Parenteral1: Conversion factor = 20
Current opioid regimen to be converted to Oxycodone ER tablet: Morphine: Oral: Conversion factor = 0.5; Parenteral1: Conversion factor = 3
Current opioid regimen to be converted to Oxycodone ER tablet: Tramadol: Oral: Conversion factor = 0.17; Parenteral1: Conversion factor = 0.2
1For patients receiving high-dose parenteral opioids, a more conservative conversion factor should be applied (ie, lower numerical conversion factor); for example, for high-dose parenteral morphine, a conversion of 1.5 should be used for calculations instead of 3.
Conversion from fentanyl patch to oxycodone ER: Limited data available: Note: Remove fentanyl patch at least 18 hours prior to starting oxycodone ER. Initial dose based on current opioid regimen dose; the manufacturer suggests using the conservative conversion factor of oxycodone ER 10 mg every 12 hours for each fentanyl 25 mcg/hour transdermal patch; systematic assessment of this suggested conversion has not be completed; monitor patients closely
Maintenance dose: Dosage adjustment (titration): After initiation of oxycodone ER, adjust dose in small increments (up to 25%) no more frequently than every 1 to 2 days until desired pain control; patients may require rescue doses of an immediate-release analgesic during dose titration. Observe for signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal or signs of over sedation/toxicity; if unacceptable adverse reactions occur, the subsequent dose may be reduced.
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer 's labeling. Serum concentrations are increased ~50% in patients with CrCl <60 mL/minute; adjust dose as clinically indicated. Alternatively, for both immediate- and extended-release forms, doses of 33% to 50% of usual initial dosing have been recommended (Oxy IR Canadian product labeling 2015; OxyNeo Canadian product labeling 2014). For ER tablets and capsules, if the reduced dose is less than smallest available dosage form consider alternative analgesic.
Immediate release (Adults): There are no specific dosage recommendations provided in the manufacturers labeling; however, reduced initial doses may be necessary (use a conservative approach to initial dosing). Adjust dose based on clinical situation. Alternatively, doses of 33% to 50% of usual initial dosing have been recommended (Oxy IR Canadian product labeling 2015).
Extended release tablets (Children ≥11 years, Adolescents, and Adults) or Extended release capsules (Adults): Initial: Initiate oxycodone ER with 33% to 50% of the calculated recommended dose. If reduced dose is less than smallest available dosage form consider alternative analgesic.
Oral: Appropriate laxatives should be administered to avoid the constipating side effects associated with use. Antiemetics may be needed for persistent nausea. Some dosage forms may not be appropriate for administration through feeding tubes (eg, gastric, NG). Refer to product labeling.
Extended release tablet: Administer with or without food. Swallow tablet whole. Do not moisten, dissolve, cut, crush, break, or chew extended release tablets. Extended release tablets should be administered one at a time and each followed with water immediately after placing in the mouth.
Extended release capsule: Administer each dose with food and approximately the same amount. For patients with difficulty swallowing, capsule may be opened and the contents sprinkled on soft foods (eg, applesauce, pudding, yogurt, ice cream, jam) or into a cup for administration directly into the mouth. Rinse mouth immediately afterwards to ensure all contents have been swallowed. Contents of capsule may also be administered through a nasogastric (NG) tube or gastrostomy tube (G-tube). Flush tube with water first, then pour capsule contents directly into tube (do not premix capsule contents with fluid that will be used to flush them through the tube). After contents have been placed in tube, flush tube with 15 mL of water, milk, or liquid nutritional supplement once and then repeat twice with 10 mL.
Immediate release dosage forms:
Oral solution: Administer with or without food. Available in two strengths; 1 mg/mL and a concentrated oral solution (20 mg/mL). Precautions should be taken to avoid confusion between the different concentrations; prescriptions should have the concentration specified as well as the dose clearly represented as milligram (mg) of oxycodone, not volume (mL). The enclosed calibrated oral syringe should always be used to administer the concentrated oral solution to ensure the dose is measured and administered accurately. The concentrated oral solution (20 mg/mL) should only be used in opioid-tolerant patients (taking ≥30 mg/day of oxycodone or equivalent for ≥1 week).
Tablet (Oxaydo): Administer with or without food. Must be swallowed whole with enough water to ensure complete swallowing immediately after placing in the mouth. The tablet should not be wet prior to placing in the mouth. Do not crush, chew, or dissolve the tablets.
Instruct patient to avoid high-fat meals when taking some products (food has no effect on the reformulated OxyContin).
Store at 25 °C (77 °F); excursions permitted between 15 °C to 30 °C (59 °F to 86 °F). Protect from light.
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling. [DSC] = Discontinued product
Capsule, Oral, as hydrochloride:
Generic: 5 mg
Capsule ER 12 Hour Abuse-Deterrent, Oral:
Xtampza ER: 9 mg (100 ea); 13.5 mg (100 ea); 18 mg (100 ea); 27 mg (100 ea); 36 mg (100 ea)
Concentrate, Oral, as hydrochloride:
Generic: 100 mg/5 mL (15 mL, 30 mL)
Solution, Oral, as hydrochloride:
Generic: 5 mg/5 mL (5 mL, 15 mL, 473 mL, 500 mL)
Tablet, Oral, as hydrochloride:
Roxicodone: 5 mg [DSC]
Roxicodone: 5 mg [scored]
Roxicodone: 15 mg [DSC] [contains fd&c blue #2 (indigotine), fd&c yellow #10 (quinoline yellow)]
Roxicodone: 15 mg [scored; contains fd&c blue #2 (indigotine), fd&c yellow #10 (quinoline yellow)]
Roxicodone: 30 mg [DSC]
Roxicodone: 30 mg [scored]
Generic: 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg
Tablet Abuse-Deterrent, Oral, as hydrochloride:
Oxaydo: 5 mg, 7.5 mg
Oxecta: 5 mg [DSC], 7.5 mg [DSC]
Tablet ER 12 Hour Abuse-Deterrent, Oral, as hydrochloride:
OxyCONTIN: 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 60 mg
OxyCONTIN: 80 mg [contains fd&c blue #2 aluminum lake]
Generic: 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 60 mg, 80 mg
Alcohol (Ethyl): CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Alcohol (Ethyl). Monitor therapy
Alvimopan: Analgesics (Opioid) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Alvimopan. This is most notable for patients receiving long-term (i.e., more than 7 days) opiates prior to alvimopan initiation. Management: Alvimopan is contraindicated in patients receiving therapeutic doses of opioids for more than 7 consecutive days immediately prior to alvimopan initiation. Consider therapy modification
Amphetamines: May enhance the analgesic effect of Analgesics (Opioid). Monitor therapy
Anticholinergic Agents: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Analgesics (Opioid). Specifically, the risk for constipation and urinary retention may be increased with this combination. Monitor therapy
Aprepitant: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Azelastine (Nasal): CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Azelastine (Nasal). Avoid combination
Blonanserin: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Blonanserin. Consider therapy modification
Bosentan: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Brimonidine (Topical): May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
Cannabis: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
CNS Depressants: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of OxyCODONE. Management: When oxycodone is combined with another CNS depressant, a dose reduction of one or both agents should be considered. The extended release oxycodone starting dose should be reduced 50% to 67% when initiated in patients already receiving CNS depressants. Consider therapy modification
Conivaptan: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Avoid combination
CYP3A4 Inducers (Moderate): May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Monitor therapy
CYP3A4 Inducers (Strong): May increase the metabolism of CYP3A4 Substrates. Management: Consider an alternative for one of the interacting drugs. Some combinations may be specifically contraindicated. Consult appropriate manufacturer labeling. Consider therapy modification
CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of OxyCODONE. CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of OxyCODONE. Serum concentrations of the active metabolite Oxymorphone may also be increased. Monitor therapy
CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Strong): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of OxyCODONE. CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Strong) may increase the serum concentration of OxyCODONE. Serum concentrations of the active metabolite oxymorphone may also be increased. Consider therapy modification
Dabrafenib: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Management: Seek alternatives to the CYP3A4 substrate when possible. If concomitant therapy cannot be avoided, monitor clinical effects of the substrate closely (particularly therapeutic effects). Consider therapy modification
Dasatinib: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Deferasirox: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Desmopressin: Analgesics (Opioid) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Desmopressin. Monitor therapy
Dimethindene: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
Diuretics: Analgesics (Opioid) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Diuretics. Analgesics (Opioid) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Diuretics. Monitor therapy
Dronabinol: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
Droperidol: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Consider dose reductions of droperidol or of other CNS agents (e.g., opioids, barbiturates) with concomitant use. Consider therapy modification
Eluxadoline: Analgesics (Opioid) may enhance the constipating effect of Eluxadoline. Avoid combination
Enzalutamide: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Management: Concurrent use of enzalutamide with CYP3A4 substrates that have a narrow therapeutic index should be avoided. Use of enzalutamide and any other CYP3A4 substrate should be performed with caution and close monitoring. Consider therapy modification
Flunitrazepam: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Flunitrazepam. Consider therapy modification
Fosaprepitant: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Fusidic Acid (Systemic): May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Avoid combination
HYDROcodone: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of HYDROcodone. Management: Consider starting with a 20% to 30% lower hydrocodone dose when using together with any other CNS depressant. Dose reductions in the other CNS depressant may also be warranted. Consider therapy modification
Idelalisib: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Avoid combination
Ivacaftor: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Kava Kava: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
Luliconazole: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Magnesium Sulfate: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
MAO Inhibitors: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of OxyCODONE. Management: Per Canadian labeling, use of oxycodone is contraindicated in patients who either are receiving MAO inhibitors or have used them within 14 days. Though not contraindicated in U.S. prescribing information, consider alternatives when possible. Consider therapy modification
Methotrimeprazine: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Methotrimeprazine. Methotrimeprazine may enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Reduce adult dose of CNS depressant agents by 50% with initiation of concomitant methotrimeprazine therapy. Further CNS depressant dosage adjustments should be initiated only after clinically effective methotrimeprazine dose is established. Consider therapy modification
MetyroSINE: CNS Depressants may enhance the sedative effect of MetyroSINE. Monitor therapy
MiFEPRIStone: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Management: Minimize doses of CYP3A4 substrates, and monitor for increased concentrations/toxicity, during and 2 weeks following treatment with mifepristone. Avoid cyclosporine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, fentanyl, pimozide, quinidine, sirolimus, and tacrolimus. Consider therapy modification
Minocycline: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
Mitotane: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Management: Doses of CYP3A4 substrates may need to be adjusted substantially when used in patients being treated with mitotane. Consider therapy modification
Mixed Agonist / Antagonist Opioids: May diminish the analgesic effect of Analgesics (Opioid). Management: Seek alternatives to mixed agonist/antagonist opioids in patients receiving pure opioid agonists, and monitor for symptoms of therapeutic failure/high dose requirements (or withdrawal in opioid-dependent patients) if patients receive these combinations. Avoid combination
Nabilone: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
Nalmefene: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Analgesics (Opioid). Management: Avoid the concomitant use of nalmefene and opioid analgesics. Discontinue nalmefene 1 week prior to any anticipated use of opioid analgesics. If combined, larger doses of opioid analgesics will likely be required. Consider therapy modification
Naltrexone: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Analgesics (Opioid). Management: Seek therapeutic alternatives to opioids. See full drug interaction monograph for detailed recommendations. Consider therapy modification
Netupitant: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Orphenadrine: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Orphenadrine. Avoid combination
Osimertinib: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Osimertinib may decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Palbociclib: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Paraldehyde: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Paraldehyde. Avoid combination
Pegvisomant: Analgesics (Opioid) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Pegvisomant. Monitor therapy
Perampanel: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Patients taking perampanel with any other drug that has CNS depressant activities should avoid complex and high-risk activities, particularly those such as driving that require alertness and coordination, until they have experience using the combination. Consider therapy modification
Piribedil [INT]: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Piribedil [INT]. Monitor therapy
Pramipexole: CNS Depressants may enhance the sedative effect of Pramipexole. Monitor therapy
Ramosetron: Analgesics (Opioid) may enhance the constipating effect of Ramosetron. Monitor therapy
RifAMPin: May decrease the serum concentration of OxyCODONE. Monitor therapy
ROPINIRole: CNS Depressants may enhance the sedative effect of ROPINIRole. Monitor therapy
Rotigotine: CNS Depressants may enhance the sedative effect of Rotigotine. Monitor therapy
Rufinamide: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of CNS Depressants. Specifically, sleepiness and dizziness may be enhanced. Monitor therapy
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: CNS Depressants may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Specifically, the risk of psychomotor impairment may be enhanced. Monitor therapy
Serotonin Modulators: Analgesics (Opioid) may enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonin Modulators. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Exceptions: Nicergoline. Monitor therapy
Siltuximab: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Simeprevir: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Sodium Oxybate: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Consider alternatives to combined use. When combined use is needed, consider minimizing doses of one or more drugs. Use of sodium oxybate with alcohol or sedative hypnotics is contraindicated. Consider therapy modification
St Johns Wort: May decrease the serum concentration of OxyCODONE. Monitor therapy
Stiripentol: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Management: Use of stiripentol with CYP3A4 substrates that are considered to have a narrow therapeutic index should be avoided due to the increased risk for adverse effects and toxicity. Any CYP3A4 substrate used with stiripentol requires closer monitoring. Consider therapy modification
Succinylcholine: May enhance the bradycardic effect of Analgesics (Opioid). Monitor therapy
Suvorexant: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Suvorexant. Management: Dose reduction of suvorexant and/or any other CNS depressant may be necessary. Use of suvorexant with alcohol is not recommended, and the use of suvorexant with any other drug to treat insomnia is not recommended. Consider therapy modification
Tapentadol: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Start tapentadol at a dose of one-third to one-half of the normal dose if being initiated in a patient who is taking another drug with CNS depressant effects. Monitor closely for evidence of excessive CNS depression. Consider therapy modification
Tetrahydrocannabinol: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
Thalidomide: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Thalidomide. Avoid combination
Tocilizumab: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Voriconazole: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of OxyCODONE. Voriconazole may increase the serum concentration of OxyCODONE. Management: A reduced oxycodone dose may be necessary with concurrent voriconazole. Increased frequency and duration of monitoring for oxycodone-related adverse effects is recommended. Consider therapy modification
Zolpidem: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Zolpidem. Management: Reduce the Intermezzo brand sublingual zolpidem adult dose to 1.75 mg for men who are also receiving other CNS depressants. No such dose change is recommended for women. Avoid use with other CNS depressants at bedtime; avoid use with alcohol. Consider therapy modification
Pain relief, respiratory and mental status, blood pressure; signs of misuse, abuse, and addiction; signs or symptoms of hypogonadism or hypoadrenalism (Brennan 2013)
Alternate recommendations: Chronic pain (long-term therapy outside of end-of-life or palliative care, active cancer treatment, sickle cell disease, or medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder): Evaluate benefits/risks of opioid therapy within 1 to 4 weeks of treatment initiation and with dose increases. Re-evaluate benefits/risks every 3 months during therapy or more frequently in patients at increased risk of overdose or opioid use disorder. Urine drug testing is recommended prior to initiation and re-checking should be considered at least yearly (includes controlled prescription medications and illicit drugs of abuse). State prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) data should be reviewed by clinicians prior to initiation and periodically during therapy (frequency ranging from every prescription to every 3 months) (Dowell [CDC 2016]).
Some quinolones may produce a false-positive urine screening result for opioids using commercially-available immunoassay kits. This has been demonstrated most consistently for levofloxacin and ofloxacin, but other quinolones have shown cross-reactivity in certain assay kits. Confirmation of positive opioid screens by more specific methods should be considered.
Unless otherwise noted, frequency of adverse reactions is shown as reported for adult patients receiving OxyContin.
>10%:
Central nervous system: Drowsiness (adults: 23%; Xtampza ER: 9%; children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%), headache (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 14%; Xtampza ER: 14%), dizziness (children ≥11 years, adolescents, and adults: 9% to 13%; Xtampza ER: 2% to 6%)
Dermatologic: Pruritus (children ≥11 years, adolescents, and adults: 6% to 13%; Xtampza ER: 3% to 7%)
Gastrointestinal: Nausea (children ≥11 years, adolescents, and adults: 15% to 23%; Xtampza ER: 11% to 17%), constipation (adults 23%; Xtampza ER: 5% to 13%; children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 9%), vomiting (children ≥11 years, adolescents, and adults: 12% to 21%; Xtampza ER: 4% to 6%)
Miscellaneous: Fever (children ≥11 years, adolescents, and adults: 1% to 11%; Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%)
1% to 10%:
Cardiovascular: Edema (<1% [including facial and peripheral]; Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), flushing (Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), hypertension (Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), orthostatic hypotension (1% to 5%), decreased oxygen saturation (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%), tachycardia (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%)
Central nervous system: Abnormal dreams (1% to 5%; Xtampza ER: <1%), abnormality in thinking (1% to 5%), anxiety (children ≥11 years, adolescents, and adults: 1% to 5%; Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), chills (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to 5%; Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), confusion (1% to 5%), drug withdrawal (Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), dysphoria (1% to 5%), euphoria (1% to 5%; Xtampza ER: <1%), fatigue (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to 5%; Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), insomnia (children ≥11 years, adolescents, and adults: 1% to 5%; Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), irritability (Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), lethargy (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%; Xtampza ER: <1%), migraine (<1%; Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), nervousness (1% to 5%), twitching (1% to 5%), withdrawal syndrome (<1%; Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), agitation (children and adolescents: 1% to <5%; adults: <1%), depression (children and adolescents: 1% to <5%; adults: <1%), hypoesthesia (children and adolescents: 1% to <5%; adults: <1%), pain (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%), paresthesia (children and adolescents: 1% to <5%; adults: <1%), procedural pain (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%)
Dermatologic: Diaphoresis (5%), excoriation (Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), hyperhidrosis (Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%; children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%), skin rash (children ≥11 years, adolescents, and adults: 1% to 5%; Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%)
Endocrine & metabolic: Hyperglycemia (Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), hypochloremia (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%), hyponatremia (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%), weight loss (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%)
Gastrointestinal: Xerostomia (6%), diarrhea (children ≥11 years, adolescents, and adults: 1% to 6%; Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), decreased appetite (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 5%; Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), abdominal pain (children ≥11 years, adolescents, and adults: 1% to 5%; Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), anorexia (1% to 5%), dyspepsia (1% to 5%), gastritis (1% to 5%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to 5%; Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), hiccups (1% to 5%), upper abdominal pain (Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%)
Genitourinary: Dysuria (children and adolescents: 1% to <5%; adults: <1%), urinary retention
Hematologic & oncologic: Decreased hemoglobin (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%), decreased neutrophils (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%), decreased platelet count (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%), decreased red blood cells (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%), febrile neutropenia (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%), neutropenia (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%)
Hepatic: Increased serum ALT (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%)
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Weakness (children ≥11 years, adolescents, and adults: 1% to 6%), arthralgia (Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), back pain (Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), musculoskeletal pain (Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%; children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%), myalgia (Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), tremor (<1%; Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), limb pain (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%)
Ophthalmic: Blurred vision (Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%)
Respiratory: Cough (<1%; Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%), dyspnea (1% to 5%; Xtampza ER: <1%), oropharyngeal pain (Xtampza ER: 1% to 5%; children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%)
Miscellaneous: Seroma (children and adolescents 11 to 16 years: 1% to <5%)
<1% (Limited to important or life-threatening; any population): Abnormal gait, abnormal stools (tablet in stool [some controlled release dosage forms]; Anderson 2002), amnesia, anaphylactoid reaction, chest pain, depression of ST segment on ECG, diverticulitis (exacerbation), dysphagia (or other swallowing difficulties due to properties of controlled release tablets), emotional lability, hallucination, hematuria, histamine release, hyperalgesia, hyperkinesia, hypogonadism (Brennan 2013; Debono 2011), hyponatremia, hypotonia, increased intracranial pressure, intestinal obstruction, seizure, SIADH, speech disturbance, stomatitis, stupor, suicidal ideation, suicidal tendencies, syncope
Severe renal function impairment: For patients with CrCl <60 " mL/minute, higher peak plasma oxycodone (50%), and noroxycodone (20%), higher AUC for oxycodone (60%), noroxycodone (50%), oxymorphone (40%). There is an increased half-life elimination for oxycodone elimination of only 1 hour.
Mild to moderate hepatic function impairment: Peak plasma oxycodone and noroxycodone concentrations 50% and 20% higher; AUC values are 95% and 65% higher, respectively. Oxymorphone peak plasma concentration and AUC values are lower by 30% and 40%. The half-life elimination for oxycodone is increased by 2.3 hours.
Concerns related to adverse effects:
- CNS depression: May cause CNS depression, which may impair physical or mental abilities; patients must be cautioned about performing tasks which require mental alertness (eg, operating machinery or driving).
- Constipation: May cause constipation which may be problematic in patients with unstable angina and patients post-myocardial infarction. Consider preventive measures (eg, stool softener, increased fiber) to reduce the potential for constipation.
- Hypotension: May cause severe hypotension (including orthostatic hypotension and syncope); use with caution in patients with hypovolemia, cardiovascular disease (including acute MI), or drugs which may exaggerate hypotensive effects (including phenothiazines or general anesthetics). Monitor for symptoms of hypotension following initiation or dose titration. Use caution in patients with circulatory shock; avoid use of the extended release formulation in patients with circulatory shock.
- Phenanthrene hypersensitivity: Use with caution in patients with hypersensitivity reactions to other phenanthrene-derivative opioid agonists (codeine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, levorphanol, oxymorphone).
- Respiratory depression: Extended-release tablets and capsules: [US Boxed Warning]: May cause serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression. Monitor closely for respiratory depression, especially during initiation or dose escalation. Patients should swallow tablets whole; crushing, chewing, or dissolving can cause rapid release and a potentially fatal dose. Carbon dioxide retention from opioid-induced respiratory depression can exacerbate the sedating effects of opioids.
Disease-related concerns:
- Abdominal conditions: May obscure diagnosis or clinical course of patients with acute abdominal conditions.
- Adrenocortical insufficiency: Use with caution in patients with adrenocortical insufficiency, including Addison disease; dose adjustment may be required. Long-term opioid use may cause secondary hypogonadism, which may lead to sexual dysfunction, infertility, mood disorders, and osteoporosis (Brennan 2013).
- Biliary tract impairment: Use with caution in patients with biliary tract dysfunction, including acute pancreatitis; may cause constriction of sphincter of Oddi diminishing biliary and pancreatic secretions.
- CNS depression/coma: Avoid the use of oxycodone in patients with CNS depression or coma as these patients are susceptible to intracranial effects of CO2 retention.
- Drug abuse: Use opioids for chronic pain with caution in patients at increased risk for misuse; factors associated with increased risk include previous substance use disorder, younger age, concomitant depression (major), and psychotropic medication use. Consider offering naloxone prescriptions in patients with factors associated with an increased risk for overdose, such as history of overdose or substance use disorder, higher opioid dosages ( ≥50 morphine milligram equivalents/day orally), and concomitant benzodiazepine use (Dowell [CDC 2016]).
- Head trauma: Use with extreme caution in patients with head injury, intracranial lesions, or elevated intracranial pressure; exaggerated elevation of ICP may occur.
- Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with hepatic dysfunction; dose adjustment may be required.
- Mental health conditions: Use opioids with caution for chronic pain in patients with mental health conditions (eg, depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder) due to increased risk for opioid use disorder and overdose; more frequent monitoring is recommended (Dowell [CDC 2016]).
- Obesity: Use with caution in patients who are morbidly obese.
- Prostatic hyperplasia/urinary stricture: Use with caution in patients with prostatic hyperplasia and/or urinary stricture; dose adjustment may be required.
- Psychosis: Use with caution in patients with toxic psychosis; dose adjustment may be required.
- Renal impairment: Use with caution in patients with severe renal dysfunction; dose adjustment may be warranted.
- Respiratory disease: Use with caution and monitor for respiratory depression in patients with significant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cor pulmonale, and patients having a substantially decreased respiratory reserve, hypoxia, or preexisting respiratory depression, particularly when initiating therapy and titrating with oxycodone; even therapeutic doses may decrease respiratory drive to the point of apnea. Use is contraindicated in patients with significant respiratory depression, hypercarbia or acute or severe bronchial asthma in unmonitored settings or in the absence of resuscitative equipment. Consider the use of alternative nonopioid analgesics in these patients.
- Seizures: Use with caution in patients with a history of seizure disorders; may cause or exacerbate preexisting seizures.
- Sleep-disordered breathing: Use opioids with caution for chronic pain and titrate dosage cautiously in patients with risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing, including HF and obesity. Avoid opioids in patients with moderate to severe sleep-disordered breathing (Dowell [CDC 2016]).
- Thyroid dysfunction: Use with caution in patients with thyroid dysfunction; dose adjustment may be required.
Concurrent drug therapy issues:
- CNS depressants: Dose adjustment required when initiating extended release therapy in patients taking other CNS depressants (eg, anxiolytics, hypnotics, other opioids, neuroleptics, sedatives). In the setting of chronic pain, avoid prescribing opioids and benzodiazepines concurrently whenever possible; epidemiologic studies suggest there is an increased risk for potentially fatal overdose with concurrent use (Dowell [CDC 2016]).
- CYP 3A4 interactions: Extended-release tablets and capsules: [US Boxed Warning]: Use with all CYP3A4 inhibitors may result in increased effects and potentially fatal respiratory depression. In addition, discontinuation of a concomitant CYP 3A4 inducer may result in increased oxycodone concentrations. Monitor patients receiving any CYP 3A4 inhibitor or inducer.
- Drug-drug interactions: Potentially significant interactions may exist, requiring dose or frequency adjustment, additional monitoring, and/or selection of alternative therapy. Consult drug interactions database for more detailed information.
Special populations:
- Cachectic or debilitated patients: Use with caution in debilitated or cachectic patients; there is a greater potential for critical respiratory depression, even at therapeutic dosages. Dose reduction may be required.
- Elderly: Use with caution in the elderly; may be more sensitive to adverse effects. Use opioids for chronic pain with caution in this age group; monitor closely due to an increased potential for risks, including certain risks such as falls/fracture, cognitive impairment, and constipation. Clearance may also be reduced in older adults (with or without renal impairment) resulting in a narrow therapeutic window and increasing the risk for respiratory depression or overdose (Dowell [CDC 2016]).
- Neonates: Neonatal withdrawal syndrome: Extended-release tablets and capsules: [US Boxed Warning]: Prolonged maternal use of opioids during pregnancy can cause neonatal withdrawal syndrome in the newborn which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated according to protocols developed by neonatology experts. If prolonged opioid therapy is required in a pregnant woman, ensure treatment is available and warn patient of risk to the neonate. Signs and symptoms include irritability, hyperactivity and abnormal sleep pattern, high pitched cry, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea and failure to gain weight. Onset, duration and severity depend on the drug used, duration of use, maternal dose, and rate of drug elimination by the newborn.
- Perioperative patients: Use with caution in the perioperative setting; individualize treatment when transitioning from parenteral to oral analgesics.
Dosage form specific issues:
- Benzyl alcohol and derivatives: Some dosage forms may contain sodium benzoate/benzoic acid; benzoic acid (benzoate) is a metabolite of benzyl alcohol; large amounts of benzyl alcohol ( ≥99 mg/kg/day) have been associated with a potentially fatal toxicity ( "gasping syndrome " ) in neonates; the "gasping syndrome " consists of metabolic acidosis, respiratory distress, gasping respirations, CNS dysfunction (including convulsions, intracranial hemorrhage), hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse (AAP [Inactive" 1997]; CDC 1982); some data suggests that benzoate displaces bilirubin from protein binding sites (Ahlfors 2001); avoid or use dosage forms containing benzyl alcohol derivative with caution in neonates. See manufacturer 's labeling.
- Extended-release tablets: Tablets may be difficult to swallow and could become lodged in throat; patients with swallowing difficulties may be at increased risk. Cases of intestinal obstruction or diverticulitis exacerbation have also been reported, including cases requiring medical intervention to remove the tablet; patients with an underlying GI disease (eg, esophageal cancer, colon cancer) may be at increased risk.
- Oral solutions: [US Boxed Warning]: Highly concentrated oral solution (20 mg/mL) should only be used in opioid tolerant patients (taking ≥30 mg/day of oxycodone or equivalent for ≥1 week). Orders for oxycodone oral solutions (20 mg/mL or 5 mg/5 mL) should be clearly written to include the intended dose (in mg vs mL) and the intended product concentration to be dispensed to avoid potential dosing errors. Products should be stored out of reach of children; seek immediate medical care in the event of accidental ingestion.
Other warnings/precautions:
- Abuse/misuse/diversion: Extended-release tablets and capsules: [US Boxed Warning]: Users are exposed to the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse, potentially leading to overdose and death. Assess each patient 's risk prior to prescribing; monitor all patients regularly for development of these behaviors or conditions.
- Accidental exposure: Extended-release tablets and capsules: [US Boxed Warning]: Accidental ingestion of even one dose, especially in children, can result in a fatal overdose of oxycodone.
- Appropriate use: Chronic pain (outside of end-of-life or palliative care, active cancer treatment, sickle cell disease, or medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder) in outpatient setting in adults: Opioids should not be used as first-line therapy for chronic pain management (pain >3-month duration or beyond time of normal tissue healing) due to limited short-term benefits, undetermined long-term benefits, and association with serious risks (eg, overdose, MI, auto accidents, risk of developing opioid use disorder). Preferred management includes nonpharmacologic therapy and nonopioid therapy (eg, NSAIDs, acetaminophen, certain anticonvulsants and antidepressants). If opioid therapy is initiated, it should be combined with nonpharmacologic and non-opioid therapy, as appropriate. Prior to initiation, known risks of opioid therapy should be discussed and realistic treatment goals for pain/function should be established, including consideration for discontinuation if benefits do not outweigh risks. Therapy should be continued only if clinically meaningful improvement in pain/function outweighs risks. Therapy should be initiated at the lowest effective dosage using immediate-release opioids (instead of extended-release/long-acting opioids). Risk associated with use increases with higher opioid dosages. Risks and benefits should be re-evaluated when increasing dosage to ≥50 morphine milligram equivalents (MME)/day orally; dosages ≥90 MME/day orally should be avoided unless carefully justified (Dowell [CDC 2016]).
- Withdrawal: Concurrent use of mixed agonist/antagonist analgesics (eg, pentazocine, nalbuphine, butorphanol) or partial agonist (eg, buprenorphine) analgesics may precipitate withdrawal symptoms and/or reduced analgesic efficacy in patients following prolonged therapy with mu opioid agonists. Taper dose gradually when discontinuing.
B/C (manufacturer specific)
Adverse events were observed in some animal reproduction studies. Opioids cross the placenta. Oxycodone should not be used immediately prior to or during labor.
[US Boxed Warning]: Prolonged maternal use of opioids during pregnancy can cause neonatal withdrawal syndrome in the newborn which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated according to protocols developed by neonatology experts. If prolonged opioid therapy is required in a pregnant woman, ensure treatment is available and warn patient of risk to the neonate. If chronic opioid exposure occurs in pregnancy, adverse events in the newborn (including withdrawal) may occur; monitoring of the neonate is recommended. The minimum effective dose should be used if opioids are needed (Chou 2009). Neonatal abstinence syndrome following opioid exposure may present with autonomic (eg, fever, temperature instability), gastrointestinal (eg, diarrhea, vomiting, poor feeding/weight gain), or neurologic (eg, high-pitched crying, increased muscle tone, irritability, seizure, tremor) symptoms (Dow 2012; Hudak 2012).
Long-term opioid use may cause secondary hypogonadism, which may lead to sexual dysfunction or infertility (Brennan 2013).
Binds to opiate receptors in the CNS, causing inhibition of ascending pain pathways, altering the perception of and response to pain; produces generalized CNS depression
Vd: Children 2 to 10 years: 2.1 L/kg (range: 1.2 to 3.7 L/kg); Adults: 2.6 L/kg; distributed to skeletal muscle, liver, intestinal tract, lungs, spleen, and brain
Hepatically via CYP3A4 to noroxycodone (has weak analgesic), noroxymorphone, and alpha- and beta-noroxycodol. CYP2D6 mediated metabolism produces oxymorphone (has analgesic activity; low plasma concentrations [<15%]), alpha- and beta-oxymorphol.
Urine (~19% as parent; >64% as metabolites)
Pain relief: Immediate release: 10 to 15 minutes; Peak effect: Immediate release: 0.5 to 1 hour
Plasma: Immediate release: 1.2 to 1.9 hours; Extended release: 4 to 5 hours
Immediate release: 3 to 6 hours; Extended release: ≤12 hours
Apparent: Immediate release: 3.2 hours; Extended release tablet: 4.5 hours; Extended release capsule: 5.6 hours
Elimination: Children 2 to 10 years: 1.8 hours (range: 1.2 to 3 hours); Adults: 3.7 hours
Adults with renal dysfunction (CrCl <60 mL/minute): Half-life increases by 1 hour, but peak oxycodone concentrations increase by 50% and AUC increases by 60%
Adults with mild to moderate hepatic dysfunction: Half-life increases by 2.3 hours, peak oxycodone concentrations increase by 50%, and AUC increases by 95%
38% to 45%
- Discuss specific use of drug and side effects with patient as it relates to treatment. (HCAHPS: During this hospital stay, were you given any medicine that you had not taken before? Before giving you any new medicine, how often did hospital staff tell you what the medicine was for? How often did hospital staff describe possible side effects in a way you could understand?)
- Patient may experience nausea, vomiting, headache, insomnia, itching, lack of appetite, diarrhea, or dry mouth. Have patient report immediately to prescriber severe dizziness, passing out, illogical thinking, severe constipation, severe abdominal pain, loss of strength and energy, difficulty breathing, slow breathing, shallow breathing, difficult urination, tachycardia, bradycardia, arrhythmia, seizures, tremors, vision changes, angina, hallucinations, mood changes, memory impairment, abnormal gait, difficulty speaking, swelling of arms or legs, or severe fatigue (HCAHPS).
- Educate patient about signs of a significant reaction (eg, wheezing; chest tightness; fever; itching; bad cough; blue skin color; seizures; or swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat). Note: This is not a comprehensive list of all side effects. Patient should consult prescriber for additional questions.
Intended Use and Disclaimer: Should not be printed and given to patients. This information is intended to serve as a concise initial reference for health care professionals to use when discussing medications with a patient. You must ultimately rely on your own discretion, experience, and judgment in diagnosing, treating, and advising patients.