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Lansoprazole


General


Pronunciation

(lan SOE pra zole)


Brand Names: U.S.

  • First-Lansoprazole
  • Heartburn Relief 24 Hour [OTC] [DSC]
  • Heartburn Treatment 24 Hour [OTC]
  • Prevacid
  • Prevacid 24HR [OTC]
  • Prevacid SoluTab

Indications


Use: Labeled Indications

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Short-term (up to 8 weeks) treatment of symptomatic GERD; short-term (up to 8 weeks) treatment for all grades of erosive esophagitis; to maintain healing of erosive esophagitis.

Hypersecretory conditions: Long-term treatment of pathological hypersecretory conditions, including Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Peptic ulcer disease: Short-term (4 weeks) treatment of active duodenal ulcers; maintenance treatment of healed duodenal ulcers; as part of a multidrug regimen for H. pylori eradication to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence; short-term (up to 8 weeks) treatment of active benign gastric ulcer; treatment of NSAID-associated gastric ulcer; to reduce the risk of NSAID-associated gastric ulcer in patients with a history of gastric ulcer who require an NSAID.

OTC labeling: Relief of frequent heartburn ( ≥2 days/week)


Contraindications


Hypersensitivity (eg, anaphylaxis, angioedema, anaphylactic shock, angioedema, bronchospasm, acute interstitial nephritis, urticaria) to lansoprazole or any component of the formulation


Dosing and Administration


Dosing: Adult

Symptomatic GERD: Oral: Short-term treatment: 15 mg once daily for up to 8 weeks

Erosive esophagitis: Oral:

US labeling: Short-term treatment: 30 mg once daily for up to 8 weeks; continued treatment for an additional 8 weeks may be considered for recurrence or for patients who do not heal after the first 8 weeks of therapy. Maintenance therapy: 15 mg once daily; controlled studies did not extend past 12 months of therapy

Canadian labeling: Short-term treatment: 30 mg once daily for 4 to 8 weeks. Maintenance therapy: 15 mg once daily; controlled studies did not extend past 12 months of therapy

Hypersecretory conditions: Oral: Initial: 60 mg once daily; adjust dose based upon patient response and to reduce acid secretion to <10 mEq/hour (5 mEq/hour in patients with prior gastric surgery); doses of 90 mg twice daily have been used; administer doses >120 mg/day in divided doses

Peptic ulcer disease:

Duodenal ulcer: Oral: Short-term treatment: 15 mg once daily for 4 weeks (US labeling) or 2 to 4 weeks (Canadian labeling); maintenance therapy: 15 mg once daily

Gastric ulcer: Oral: Short-term treatment:

US labeling: 30 mg once daily for up to 8 weeks

Canadian labeling: 15 mg once daily for 4 to 8 weeks.

Helicobacter pylori eradication:

US labeling: 30 mg 3 times daily administered with amoxicillin 1,000 mg 3 times daily for 14 days or 30 mg twice daily administered with amoxicillin 1,000 mg and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily for 10 to 14 days

Canadian labeling: 30 mg twice daily administered with amoxicillin 1,000 mg and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily for 7, 10, or 14 days

American College of Gastroenterology guidelines (Chey 2007):

Nonpenicillin allergy: 30 mg twice daily administered with amoxicillin 1,000 mg and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily for 10 to 14 days

Penicillin allergy: 30 mg twice daily administered with clarithromycin 500 mg and metronidazole 500 mg twice daily for 10 to 14 days or 30 mg once or twice daily administered with bismuth subsalicylate 525 mg and metronidazole 250 mg plus tetracycline 500 mg 4 times daily for 10 to 14 days

NSAID-associated gastric ulcer (healing): Oral:

US labeling: 30 mg once daily for 8 weeks; controlled studies did not extend past 8 weeks

Canadian labeling: 15 to 30 mg once daily for up to 8 weeks (higher healing rates observed with 30 mg dose in clinical trials)

NSAID-associated gastric ulcer (to reduce risk): Oral: 15 mg once daily for up to 12 weeks; controlled studies did not extend past 12 weeks

Heartburn (OTC labeling): Oral: 15 mg once daily for 14 days; may repeat 14 days of therapy every 4 months. Do not take for >14 days or more often than every 4 months, unless instructed by health care provider.

Stress ulcer prophylaxis, ICU patients (off-label use): Oral: 30 mg once daily (Brophy 2010; Olsen 2008). Note: Intended for patients with associated risk factors (eg, coagulopathy, mechanical ventilation for ≥48 hours, severe sepsis); discontinue use once risk factors have resolved (Dellinger 2013).


Dosing: Geriatric

Refer to adult dosing.


Dosing: Pediatric

GERD, erosive esophagitis: Children 1 to 11 years: Oral:

≤30 kg: 15 mg once daily for up to 12 weeks

>30 kg: 30 mg once daily for up to 12 weeks

Note: Doses were increased in some pediatric patients if still symptomatic after 2 or more weeks of treatment (maximum dose: 30 mg twice daily)

GERD:

Erosive esophagitis: Children 12 to 17 years: Oral: 30 mg once daily for up to 8 weeks

Nonerosive GERD: Children 12 to 17 years: Oral: 15 mg once daily for up to 8 weeks


Dosing: Renal Impairment

No dosage adjustment necessary.


Dosing: Hepatic Impairment

US labeling:

Mild or moderate impairment: No dosage adjustment necessary.

Severe impairment: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer 's labeling; however, bioavailability is increased in hepatic impairment. Consider dose reduction.

Canadian labeling:

Mild impairment: Initial: No dosage adjustment necessary.

Moderate impairment: Initial: No dosage adjustment necessary; maximum dose of 30 mg/day is recommended (may consider higher dosage if necessary based on clinical condition).

Severe impairment: There are no specific dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer 's labeling; however, bioavailability is increased in hepatic impairment. Consider dose reduction.


Administration

Oral: Administer before food; best if taken before breakfast. The intact granules should not be chewed or crushed; however, several options are available for those patients unable to swallow capsules:

Capsules may be opened and the intact granules sprinkled on 1 tablespoon of applesauce, Ensure � � pudding, cottage cheese, yogurt, or strained pears. The granules should then be swallowed immediately.

Capsules may be opened and emptied into ~60 mL orange juice, apple juice, or tomato juice; mix and swallow immediately. Rinse the glass with additional juice and swallow to assure complete delivery of the dose.

Orally-disintegrating tablets: Should not be swallowed whole, broken, cut, or chewed. Place tablet on tongue; allow to dissolve (with or without water) until particles can be swallowed. Orally-disintegrating tablets may also be administered via an oral syringe: Place the 15 mg tablet in an oral syringe and draw up ~4 mL water, or place the 30 mg tablet in an oral syringe and draw up ~10 mL water. After tablet has dispersed, administer within 15 minutes. Refill the syringe with water (2 mL for the 15 mg tablet; 5 mL for the 30 mg tablet), shake gently, then administer any remaining contents.

Nasogastric tube administration:

Capsule: Capsule can be opened, the granules mixed (not crushed) with 40 mL of apple juice (US labeling) or 40 mL of apple juice or water (Canadian labeling) and then administered through the NG tube into the stomach, then flush tube with additional apple juice (US labeling) or apple juice or water (Canadian labeling). Do not mix with other liquids. Thirty milligrams has also been suspended in 10 mL of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate solution (or apple juice) and administered via NG tube (Brophy 2010).

Orally-disintegrating tablet: Nasogastric tube ≥8 French: Place a 15 mg tablet in a syringe and draw up ~4 mL water, or place the 30 mg tablet in a syringe and draw up ~10 mL water. After tablet has dispersed, administer within 15 minutes. Refill the syringe with ~5 mL water, shake gently, and then flush the nasogastric tube.


Dietary Considerations

Should be taken before eating; best if taken before breakfast. Some products may contain phenylalanine.


Storage

Capsules, orally disintegrating tablets: Store at 25 � �C (77 � �F); excursions permitted to 15 � �C to 30 � �C (59 � �F to 86 � �F). Protect from light and moisture.

Powder for suspension (First Lansoprazole compounding kit): Prior to compounding, store at 15 � �C to 30 � �C (59 � �F to 86 � �F). Once compounded, the product is stable for 30 days at 2 � �C to 8 � �C (36 � �F to 46 � �F); protect from freezing. Protect from light.


Dosage Forms/Strengths


Dosage Forms

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling. [DSC] = Discontinued product

Capsule Delayed Release, Oral:

Heartburn Relief 24 Hour: 15 mg [DSC] [sodium free; contains brilliant blue fcf (fd&c blue #1), fd&c red #40, fd&c yellow #10 (quinoline yellow)]

Heartburn Treatment 24 Hour: 15 mg [sodium free; contains brilliant blue fcf (fd&c blue #1), fd&c yellow #10 (quinoline yellow)]

Prevacid: 15 mg, 30 mg [contains brilliant blue fcf (fd&c blue #1), fd&c red #40]

Prevacid 24HR: 15 mg [sodium free; contains brilliant blue fcf (fd&c blue #1), fd&c red #40]

Generic: 15 mg, 30 mg

Suspension, Oral:

First-Lansoprazole: 3 mg/mL (90 mL, 150 mL, 300 mL) [contains benzyl alcohol, fd&c red #40, saccharin sodium; strawberry flavor]

Tablet Dispersible, Oral:

Prevacid SoluTab: 15 mg, 30 mg [contains aspartame]


Extemporaneously Prepared

A 3 mg/mL oral solution (Simplified Lansoprazole Solution [SLS]) may be made with capsules and sodium bicarbonate. Empty the contents of ten lansoprazole 30 mg capsules into a beaker. Add 100 mL sodium bicarbonate 8.4% and gently stir until dissolved (about 15 minutes). Transfer solution to an amber-colored syringe or bottle. A prior study showed that SLS was stable for 8 hours at room temperature or for 14 days refrigerated (DiGiancinto, 2000). However, a more recent study, demonstrated SLS to be stable for 48 hours at room temperature in oral syringes and for only 7 days when refrigerated (Morrison, 2013).

Note: A more palatable lansoprazole (3 mg/mL) suspension is commercially available as a compounding kit (First-Lansoprazole).

DiGiancinto JL, Olsen KM, Bergman KL, et al, "Stability of Suspension Formulations of Lansoprazole and Omeprazole Stored in Amber-Colored Plastic Oral Syringes, " � Ann Pharmacother, 2000, 34(5):600-5 [PMID: 10852086]Morrison JT, Lugo RA, Thigpen JC, et al, "Stability of Extemporaneously Prepared Lansoprazole Suspension at Two Temperatures, " � J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther, 2013, 18(2):122-7.Sharma V, "Comparison of 24-hour Intragastric pH Using Four Liquid Formulations of Lansoprazole and Omeprazole, " � Am J Health Syst Pharm, 1999, 56(Suppl 4):18-21. [PMID: 10597120]Sharma VK, Vasudeva R, and Howden CW, "Simplified Lansoprazole Suspension - Liquid Formulations of Lansoprazole - Effectively Suppresses Intragastric Acidity When Administered Through a Gastrostomy, " � Am J Gastroenterol, 1999, 94(7):1813-7.[PMID: 10406240]

Drug Interactions

Amphetamine: Proton Pump Inhibitors may increase the absorption of Amphetamine. Monitor therapy

Atazanavir: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Atazanavir. Management: See full drug interaction monograph for details. Consider therapy modification

Bisphosphonate Derivatives: Proton Pump Inhibitors may diminish the therapeutic effect of Bisphosphonate Derivatives. Monitor therapy

Bosentan: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Monitor therapy

Bosutinib: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Bosutinib. Management: Consider alternatives to proton pump inhibitors, such as antacids or H2 receptor antagonists. Administer alternative agents more than 2 hours before or after bosutinib. Consider therapy modification

Cefditoren: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Cefditoren. Management: If possible, avoid use of cefditoren with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Consider alternative methods to minimize/control acid reflux (eg, diet modification) or alternative antimicrobial therapy if use of PPIs can not be avoided. Consider therapy modification

Clopidogrel: Lansoprazole may decrease serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Clopidogrel. Management: Due to the possible risk for impaired clopidogrel effectiveness, clinicians should carefully consider the need for proton pump inhibitor therapy in patients receiving clopidogrel. Other acid-lowering therapies do not appear to share this interaction. Consider therapy modification

CYP2C19 Inducers (Strong): May increase the metabolism of CYP2C19 Substrates. Management: Consider an alternative for one of the interacting drugs. Some combinations may be specifically contraindicated. Consult appropriate manufacturer labeling. Consider therapy modification

CYP3A4 Inducers (Moderate): May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Monitor therapy

CYP3A4 Inducers (Strong): May increase the metabolism of CYP3A4 Substrates. Management: Consider an alternative for one of the interacting drugs. Some combinations may be specifically contraindicated. Consult appropriate manufacturer labeling. Consider therapy modification

Cysteamine (Systemic): Proton Pump Inhibitors may diminish the therapeutic effect of Cysteamine (Systemic). Monitor therapy

Dabigatran Etexilate: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Dabigatran Etexilate. Monitor therapy

Dabrafenib: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Management: Seek alternatives to the CYP3A4 substrate when possible. If concomitant therapy cannot be avoided, monitor clinical effects of the substrate closely (particularly therapeutic effects). Consider therapy modification

Dabrafenib: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP2C19 Substrates. Management: Seek alternatives to the CYP2C19 substrate when possible. If concomitant therapy cannot be avoided, monitor clinical effects of the substrate closely (particularly therapeutic effects). Consider therapy modification

Dabrafenib: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Dabrafenib. Dabrafenib may decrease the serum concentration of Proton Pump Inhibitors. Management: Seek alternatives to the proton pump inhibitor when possible. If concomitant therapy cannot be avoided, monitor for diminished effects of both drugs. Consider therapy modification

Dasatinib: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Dasatinib. Management: Antacids (taken 2 hours before or after dasatinib administration) can be used in place of the proton pump inhibitor if some acid-reducing therapy is needed. Avoid combination

Deferasirox: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Monitor therapy

Delavirdine: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Delavirdine. Management: Chronic therapy with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) should be avoided in patients treated with delavirdine. The clinical significance of short-term PPI therapy with delavirdine is uncertain, but such therapy should be undertaken with caution. Avoid combination

Dexmethylphenidate: Proton Pump Inhibitors may increase the absorption of Dexmethylphenidate. Specifically, proton pump inhibitors may interfere with the normal release of drug from the extended-release capsules (Focalin XR brand), which could result in both increased absorption (early) and decreased delayed absorption. Monitor therapy

Dextroamphetamine: Proton Pump Inhibitors may increase the absorption of Dextroamphetamine. Specifically, the dextroamphetamine absorption rate from mixed amphetamine salt extended release (XR) capsules may be increased in the first hours after dosing. Monitor therapy

Enzalutamide: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Management: Concurrent use of enzalutamide with CYP3A4 substrates that have a narrow therapeutic index should be avoided. Use of enzalutamide and any other CYP3A4 substrate should be performed with caution and close monitoring. Consider therapy modification

Enzalutamide: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP2C19 Substrates. Conversely, concentrations of active metabolites may be increased for those drugs activated by CYP2C19. Management: Concurrent use of enzalutamide with CYP2C19 substrates that have a narrow therapeutic index should be avoided. Use of enzalutamide and any other CYP2C19 substrate should be performed with caution and close monitoring. Consider therapy modification

Erlotinib: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Erlotinib. Avoid combination

Fluconazole: May increase the serum concentration of Proton Pump Inhibitors. Monitor therapy

Gefitinib: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Gefitinib. Management: Avoid use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) with gefitinib when possible. If required, administer gefitinib 12 hours after administration of the PPI or 12 hours before the next dose of the PPI. Consider therapy modification

Imatinib: Lansoprazole may enhance the dermatologic adverse effect of Imatinib. Monitor therapy

Indinavir: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Indinavir. Monitor therapy

Iron Salts: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the absorption of Iron Salts. Exceptions: Ferric Carboxymaltose; Ferric Citrate; Ferric Gluconate; Ferric Hydroxide Polymaltose Complex; Ferric Pyrophosphate Citrate; Ferumoxytol; Iron Dextran Complex; Iron Sucrose. Monitor therapy

Itraconazole: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Itraconazole. Consider therapy modification

Ketoconazole (Systemic): Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Ketoconazole (Systemic). Ketoconazole (Systemic) may increase the serum concentration of Proton Pump Inhibitors. Consider therapy modification

Ledipasvir: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Ledipasvir. Management: Avoid the use of PPIs at doses greater than the equivalent of omeprazole 20 mg, avoid administration of PPIs within 2 hours prior to ledipasvir dosing, and avoid use of PPIs in combination with food. Consider therapy modification

Mesalamine: Proton Pump Inhibitors may diminish the therapeutic effect of Mesalamine. Proton pump inhibitor-mediated increases in gastrointestinal pH may cause the premature release of mesalamine from specific sustained-release mesalamine products. Management: Consider avoiding concurrent administration of high-dose proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) with sustained-release mesalamine products. Consider therapy modification

Methotrexate: Proton Pump Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Methotrexate. Monitor therapy

Methylphenidate: Proton Pump Inhibitors may increase the absorption of Methylphenidate. Specifically, proton pump inhibitors may interfere with the normal release of drug from the extended-release capsules (Ritalin LA brand), which could result in both increased absorption (early) and decreased delayed absorption. Monitor therapy

Mitotane: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Management: Doses of CYP3A4 substrates may need to be adjusted substantially when used in patients being treated with mitotane. Consider therapy modification

Multivitamins/Minerals (with ADEK, Folate, Iron): Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Multivitamins/Minerals (with ADEK, Folate, Iron). Specifically, the absorption of iron may be decreased. Monitor therapy

Mycophenolate: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Mycophenolate. Specifically, concentrations of the active mycophenolic acid may be reduced. Monitor therapy

Nelfinavir: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Nelfinavir. Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Nelfinavir. Avoid combination

Nilotinib: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Nilotinib. Management: Avoid this combination when possible since separation of doses is not likely to be an adequate method of minimizing the interaction. Consider therapy modification

Osimertinib: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Osimertinib may decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Monitor therapy

PAZOPanib: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of PAZOPanib. Avoid combination

Posaconazole: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Posaconazole. Consider therapy modification

Raltegravir: Proton Pump Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Raltegravir. Monitor therapy

Rilpivirine: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Rilpivirine. Avoid combination

Riociguat: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Riociguat. Monitor therapy

Risedronate: Proton Pump Inhibitors may diminish the therapeutic effect of Risedronate. Proton Pump Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Risedronate. This applies specifically to use of delayed-release risedronate. Avoid combination

Saquinavir: Proton Pump Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Saquinavir. Monitor therapy

Siltuximab: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Monitor therapy

St Johns Wort: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Management: Consider an alternative for one of the interacting drugs. Some combinations may be specifically contraindicated. Consult appropriate manufacturer labeling. Consider therapy modification

Tacrolimus (Systemic): Proton Pump Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Tacrolimus (Systemic). Management: Tacrolimus dose adjustment may be required. Rabeprazole, pantoprazole, or selected H2-receptor antagonists (i.e., ranitidine or famotidine) may be less likely to interact. Genetic testing may predict patients at highest risk. Consider therapy modification

Tipranavir: May decrease the serum concentration of Proton Pump Inhibitors. These data are derived from studies with Ritonavir-boosted Tipranavir. Monitor therapy

Tocilizumab: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates. Monitor therapy

Velpatasvir: Proton Pump Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Velpatasvir. Avoid combination

Vitamin K Antagonists (eg, warfarin): Lansoprazole may increase the serum concentration of Vitamin K Antagonists. Monitor therapy

Voriconazole: May increase the serum concentration of Proton Pump Inhibitors. Proton Pump Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Voriconazole. Management: In patients receiving omeprazole 40 mg/day or greater, reduce omeprazole dose by half when initiating voriconazole. Monitor therapy


Monitoring Parameters

Patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome should be monitored for gastric acid output, which should be maintained at ≤10 mEq/hour during the last hour before the next lansoprazole dose; lab monitoring should include CBC, liver function, renal function, and serum gastrin levels


Adverse Reactions


1% to 10%:

Central nervous system: Headache (children 1-11 years 3%, 12-17 years 7%), dizziness (children 12-17 years 3%; adults <1%)

Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (1% to 5%; 60 mg/day: 7%), abdominal pain (children 12-17 years 5%; adults 2%), constipation (children 1-11 years 5%; adults 1%), nausea (children 12-17 years 3%; adults 1%)

<1% (Limited to important or life-threatening): Abdomen enlarged, abnormal dreams, abnormal menses, abnormal stools, abnormal vision, agitation, agranulocytosis, albuminuria, allergic reaction, alkaline phosphatase increased, ALT increased, alopecia, amblyopia, amnesia, anaphylactoid reaction, anemia, angina, anorexia, anxiety, aplastic anemia, appetite increased, arrhythmia, AST increased, arthralgia, arthritis, asthma, avitaminosis, bezoar, bilirubinemia, blepharitis, blurred vision, bradycardia, breast enlargement, breast pain, breast tenderness, bronchitis, candidiasis, carcinoma, cardiospasm, cataract, cerebrovascular accident, cerebral infarction, chest pain, chills, cholelithiasis, cholesterol increased/decreased, Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD), colitis, confusion, conjunctivitis, cough increased, creatinine increased, deafness, dehydration, dementia, depersonalization, depression, diabetes mellitus, diaphoresis, diplopia, dry eyes, dry skin, dyspepsia, dysphagia, dyspnea, dysmenorrhea, dysuria, edema, electrolyte imbalance, emotional lability, enteritis, eosinophilia, epistaxis, eructation, erythema multiforme, esophageal stenosis, esophageal ulcer, esophagitis, fecal discoloration, fever, fixed eruption, flatulence, flu-like syndrome, fracture, fundic gland polyps, gastric nodules, gastrin levels increased, gastritis, gastroenteritis, gastrointestinal anomaly, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, GGTP increased/decreased, glaucoma, glucocorticoid levels increased, glossitis, glycosuria, goiter, gout, gum hemorrhage, gynecomastia, halitosis, hallucinations, hematemesis, hematuria, hemiplegia, hemolysis, hemolytic anemia, hemoptysis, hepatotoxicity, hostility aggravated, hyper-/hypoglycemia, hyperkinesia, hyperlipemia, hypertonia, hypoesthesia, hyper-/hypotension, hypomagnesemia, hypothyroidism, impotence, infection, insomnia, interstitial nephritis, kidney calculus, laryngeal neoplasia, LDH increased, leg cramps, leukopenia, leukorrhea, libido decreased/increased, liver function test abnormal, lung fibrosis, lymphadenopathy, maculopapular rash, malaise, melena, menorrhagia, migraine, moniliasis (oral), mouth ulceration, musculoskeletal pain, myalgia, myasthenia, myositis, MI, nervousness, neurosis, neutropenia, pain, palpitation, pancreatitis, pancytopenia, paresthesia, parosmia, pelvic pain, peripheral edema, pharyngitis, photophobia, platelet abnormalities, pneumonia, polyuria, pruritus, ptosis, rash, rectal hemorrhage, retinal degeneration, rhinitis, salivation increased, seizure, shock, sinusitis, skin carcinoma, sleep disorder, somnolence, speech disorder, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, stomatitis, stridor, syncope, synovitis, tachycardia, taste loss, taste perversion, tenesmus, thirst, thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, tinnitus, tremor, tongue disorder, toxic epidermal necrolysis, ulcerative colitis, ulcerative stomatitis, upper respiratory inflammation, upper respiratory infection, urethral pain, urinary frequency/urgency, urination impaired, urinary retention, urinary tract infection, urticaria, vaginitis, vasodilation, vertigo, visual field defect, vomiting, weakness, WBC abnormal, weight gain/loss, xerostomia


Warnings/Precautions


Special Populations: Hepatic Function Impairment

Mean t � � prolonged to 3.2 to 7.2 hours and AUC increased up to 500%.


Special Populations: Elderly

Clearance is decreased with t � � increasing ~50% to 100%. Because mean t � � remains between 1.9 to 2.9 hours, repeated once daily dosing does not accumulate; no adjustment needed.


Warnings/Precautions

Concerns related to adverse effects:

- Atrophic gastritis: Long-term omeprazole therapy has caused atrophic gastritis (by biopsy); this may also occur with lansoprazole.

- Carcinoma: No reports of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell carcinoids, dysplasia, or neoplasia has occurred.

- Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD): Use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may increase risk of CDAD, especially in hospitalized patients; consider CDAD diagnosis in patients with persistent diarrhea that does not improve. Use the lowest dose and shortest duration of PPI therapy appropriate for the condition being treated.

- Fractures: Increased incidence of osteoporosis-related bone fractures of the hip, spine, or wrist may occur with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. Patients on high-dose or long-term therapy should be monitored. Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration of time, use vitamin D and calcium supplementation, and follow appropriate guidelines to reduce risk of fractures in patients at risk.

- Hypomagnesemia: Reported rarely, usually with prolonged PPI use of >3 months (most cases >1 year of therapy). May be symptomatic or asymptomatic; severe cases may cause tetany, seizures, and cardiac arrhythmias. Consider obtaining serum magnesium concentrations prior to beginning long-term therapy, especially if taking concomitant digoxin, diuretics, or other drugs known to cause hypomagnesemia; and periodically thereafter. Hypomagnesemia may be corrected by magnesium supplementation, although discontinuation of lansoprazole may be necessary; magnesium levels typically return to normal within 1 week of stopping.

- Interstitial nephritis: Acute interstitial nephritis has been observed in patients taking PPIs; may occur at any time during therapy and is generally due to an idiopathic hypersensitivity reaction. Discontinue if acute interstitial nephritis develops.

- Vitamin B12 deficiency: Prolonged treatment ( ≥2 years) may lead to vitamin B12 malabsorption and subsequent vitamin B12 deficiency. The magnitude of the deficiency is dose-related and the association is stronger in females and those younger in age (<30 years); prevalence is decreased after discontinuation of therapy (Lam 2013).

Disease-related concerns:

- Gastric malignancy: Relief of symptoms does not preclude the presence of a gastric malignancy.

- Gastrointestinal infection (eg, Salmonella, Campylobacter): Use of PPIs may increase risk of these infections.

- Hepatic impairment: Patients with severe liver dysfunction may require dosage reductions.

Concurrent drug therapy issues:

- Clopidogrel: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may diminish the therapeutic effect of clopidogrel thought to be due to reduced formation of the active metabolite of clopidogrel. The manufacturer of clopidogrel recommends either avoidance of both omeprazole (even when scheduled 12 hours apart) and esomeprazole or use of a PPI with comparatively less effect on the active metabolite of clopidogrel (eg, pantoprazole). Although lansoprazole exhibits the most potent CYP2C19 inhibition in vitro (Li 2004; Ogilvie 2011), an in vivo study of extensive CYP2C19 metabolizers showed less reduction of the active metabolite of clopidogrel by lansoprazole/dexlansoprazole compared to esomeprazole/omeprazole (Frelinger, 2012). The manufacturer of lansoprazole states that no dosage adjustment is necessary for clopidogrel when used concurrently. In contrast to these warnings, others have recommended the continued use of PPIs, regardless of the degree of inhibition, in patients with a history of GI bleeding or multiple risk factors for GI bleeding who are also receiving clopidogrel since no evidence has established clinically meaningful differences in outcome; however, a clinically-significant interaction cannot be excluded in those who are poor metabolizers of clopidogrel (Abraham 2010; Levine 2011).

- High potential for other interactions: Concomitant use of lansoprazole with some drugs may require cautious use, may not be recommended, or may require dosage adjustments.

Dosage form specific issues:

- Benzyl alcohol and derivatives: Some dosage forms may contain benzyl alcohol; large amounts of benzyl alcohol ( ≥99 mg/kg/day) have been associated with a potentially fatal toxicity ( "gasping syndrome " �) in neonates; the "gasping syndrome " � consists of metabolic acidosis, respiratory distress, gasping respirations, CNS dysfunction (including convulsions, intracranial hemorrhage), hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse (AAP [Inactive" 1997]; CDC 1982); some data suggests that benzoate displaces bilirubin from protein binding sites (Ahlfors 2001); avoid or use dosage forms containing benzyl alcohol with caution in neonates. See manufacturer 's labeling.

- Phenylalanine: Prevacid SoluTab and Prevacid FasTab [Canadian product] contain phenylalanine.

Other warnings/precautions:

- Appropriate use: Helicobacter pylori eradication: Short-term combination therapy ( ≤7 days) has been associated with a higher incidence of treatment failure. The American College of Gastroenterology recommends 10-14 days of therapy (triple or quadruple) for eradication of H. pylori (Chey 2007).

- Self-medication (OTC use): When used for self-medication, patients should be instructed not to use if they have difficulty swallowing, are vomiting blood, or have bloody or black stools. Prior to use, patients should contact healthcare provider if they have liver disease, heartburn for >3 months, heartburn with dizziness, lightheadedness, or sweating, MI symptoms, frequent chest pain, frequent wheezing (especially with heartburn), unexplained weight loss, nausea/vomiting, stomach pain, or are taking antifungals, atazanavir, digoxin, tacrolimus, theophylline, or warfarin. Patients should stop use and consult a healthcare provider if heartburn continues or worsens, or if they need to take for >14 days or more often than every 4 months. Patients should be informed that it may take 1 to 4 days for full effect to be seen.


Pregnancy Risk Factor

B


Pregnancy Considerations

Adverse events have not been observed in animal reproduction studies. An increased risk of hypospadias was reported following maternal use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) during pregnancy (Anderka 2012), but this was based on a small number of exposures and the same association was not found in another study (Erichsen 2012). Most available studies have not shown an increased risk of major birth defects following maternal use of PPIs during pregnancy (Diav-Citrin 2005; Matok 2012; Pasternak 2010). When treating GERD in pregnancy, PPIs may be used when clinically indicated (Katz 2013).


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Pharmacology

Decreases acid secretion in gastric parietal cells through inhibition of (H+, K+)-ATPase enzyme system, blocking the final step in gastric acid production.


Absorption

Rapid


Distribution

Vd: Children: 0.61 to 0.9 L/kg; Adults: 15.7 � � 1.9 L


Metabolism

Hepatic via CYP2C19 and 3A4 to inactive metabolites, and in parietal cells to two active metabolites that are not present in systemic circulation


Excretion

Excretion: Feces (67%); urine (33%; 14% to 25% as metabolites and <1% as unchanged drug)

Clearance:

Children: 0.57 to 0.71 L/hour/kg

Adults: 11.1 � � 3.8 L/hour; Hepatic impairment: 3.2 to 7.2 hours


Onset of Action

Gastric acid suppression: Oral: 1 to 3 hours


Time to Peak

Plasma: 1.7 hours


Duration of Action

Gastric acid suppression: Oral: >1 day


Half-Life Elimination

Children: 1.2 to 1.5 hours; Adults: 1.5 � � 1 hour; Elderly: 2 to 3 hours; Hepatic impairment: 3 to 7 hours


Protein Binding

97%


Patient and Family Education


Patient Education

- Discuss specific use of drug and side effects with patient as it relates to treatment. (HCAHPS: During this hospital stay, were you given any medicine that you had not taken before? Before giving you any new medicine, how often did hospital staff tell you what the medicine was for? How often did hospital staff describe possible side effects in a way you could understand?)

- Patient may experience headache, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, or constipation. Have patient report immediately to prescriber signs of low magnesium (mood changes; muscle pain or weakness; muscle cramps or spasms; seizures; tremors; lack of appetite; severe nausea or vomiting; or an abnormal heartbeat), signs of kidney problems (urinary retention, blood in urine, change in amount of urine passed, or weight gain), severe dizziness, passing out, bone pain, signs of Clostridium difficile (C. diff)-associated diarrhea (stomach pain or cramps, very loose or watery stools, or bloody stools), or signs of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin [with or without fever]; red or irritated eyes; or sores in mouth, throat, nose, or eyes) (HCAHPS).

- Educate patient about signs of a significant reaction (eg, wheezing; chest tightness; fever; itching; bad cough; blue skin color; seizures; or swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat). Note: This is not a comprehensive list of all side effects. Patient should consult prescriber for additional questions.

Intended Use and Disclaimer: Should not be printed and given to patients. This information is intended to serve as a concise initial reference for healthcare professionals to use when discussing medications with a patient. You must ultimately rely on your own discretion, experience and judgment in diagnosing, treating and advising patients.

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