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Dichlorphenamide


General


Pronunciation

(dye klor FEN a mide)


Brand Names: U.S.

  • Keveyis

Indications


Use: Labeled Indications

Primary periodic paralysis: Treatment of primary hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, primary hypokalemic periodic paralysis, and related variants


Contraindications


Hypersensitivity to dichlorphenamide, other sulfonamides, or any component of the formulation; concomitant use with high-dose aspirin; severe pulmonary disease; hepatic insufficiency


Dosing and Administration


Dosing: Adult

Primary periodic paralysis: Oral: Initial: 50 mg twice daily; may increase or decrease dosage at weekly intervals (or more frequently in response to adverse reactions); maximum: 200 mg/day. Evaluate response and need for continued therapy after 2 months of treatment.


Dosing: Geriatric

Refer to adult dosing.


Dosing: Renal Impairment

There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer 's labeling (has not been studied).


Dosing: Hepatic Impairment

Use is contraindicated.


Storage

Store at 20 � �C to 25 � �C (68 � �F to 77 � �F).


Dosage Forms/Strengths


Dosage Forms

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Tablet, Oral:

Keveyis: 50 mg [scored]


Drug Interactions

Alpha-/Beta-Agonists (Indirect-Acting): Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Alpha-/Beta-Agonists (Indirect-Acting). Monitor therapy

Amphetamines: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may decrease the excretion of Amphetamines. Monitor therapy

Analgesics (Opioid): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Diuretics. Analgesics (Opioid) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Diuretics. Monitor therapy

CarBAMazepine: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of CarBAMazepine. Monitor therapy

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of other Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. The development of acid-base disorders with concurrent use of ophthalmic and oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors has been reported. Management: Avoid concurrent use of different carbonic anhydrase inhibitors if possible. Monitor patients closely for the occurrence of kidney stones and with regards to severity of metabolic acidosis. Avoid combination

Flecainide: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Flecainide. Monitor therapy

Fosphenytoin-Phenytoin: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Fosphenytoin-Phenytoin. Specifically, the risk for osteomalacia or rickets may be increased. Monitor therapy

Lithium: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Lithium. Monitor therapy

Memantine: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may increase the serum concentration of Memantine. Monitor therapy

MetFORMIN: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of MetFORMIN. Specifically, the risk of developing lactic acidosis may be increased. Monitor therapy

Methenamine: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may diminish the therapeutic effect of Methenamine. Management: Consider avoiding this combination. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of methenamine if used concomitant with a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Consider therapy modification

Primidone: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Primidone. Specifically, osteomalacia and rickets. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may decrease the serum concentration of Primidone. Monitor therapy

QuiNIDine: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors may decrease the excretion of QuiNIDine. Monitor therapy

Salicylates: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. Salicylate toxicity might be enhanced by this same combination. Management: Avoid these combinations when possible.Dichlorphenamide use with high-dose aspirin as contraindicated. If another combination is used, monitor patients closely for adverse effects. Tachypnea, anorexia, lethargy, and coma have been reported. Consider therapy modification

Sodium Phosphates: Diuretics may enhance the nephrotoxic effect of Sodium Phosphates. Specifically, the risk of acute phosphate nephropathy may be enhanced. Management: Consider avoiding this combination by temporarily suspending treatment with diuretics, or seeking alternatives to oral sodium phosphate bowel preparation. If the combination cannot be avoided, hydrate adequately and monitor fluid and renal status. Consider therapy modification

Trientine: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor Diuretics may decrease the serum concentration of Trientine. Monitor therapy


Monitoring Parameters

Evaluate response after 2 months of treatment. Monitor serum potassium and serum sodium bicarbonate at baseline and periodically throughout treatment.


Adverse Reactions


>10%

Central Nervous System: Paresthesia (44%), cognitive dysfunction (14%; includes disturbance in attention, difficulty thinking), confusion (11%)

Gastrointestinal: Dysgeusia (14%)

1% to 10%

Central Nervous System: Fatigue (8%), headache (8%), hypoesthesia (8%), lethargy (8%), dizziness (6%), malaise (6%)

Dermatologic: Skin rash (8%), pruritus (6%)

Endocrine & Metabolic: Weight loss (6%)

Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (6%), nausea (6%)

Neuromuscular & Skeletal: Muscle spasm (8%), arthralgia (6%), muscle twitching (6%)

Respiratory: Dyspnea (6%), pharyngolaryngeal pain (6%)

<1% (Limited to important or life-threatening): Amnesia, cardiac failure, hallucination, increased severity of condition, nephrolithiasis, pancytopenia, psychosis, renal tubular necrosis, seizure, stupor, syncope, tremor


Warnings/Precautions


Concerns related to adverse effects:

- CNS depression: May cause CNS depression, which may impair physical or mental abilities; patients must be cautioned about performing tasks which require mental alertness (eg, operating machinery or driving).

- Fall risk: Use of dichlorphenamide increases the risk of falls, especially in elderly patients and patients receiving high doses. Consider dose reduction or discontinuation in patients who experience falls.

- Hypokalemia: Dichlorphenamide increases potassium excretion and may cause hypokalemia; risk is increased in patients with a history of conditions associated with hypokalemia (eg, adrenocortical insufficiency, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis) and coadministration with medications associated with hypokalemia (eg, loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, laxative, antifungals, penicillin, theophylline). Monitor serum potassium at baseline and periodically throughout treatment; discontinue use or reduce the dose if hypokalemia develops or persists.

- Metabolic acidosis: Hyperchloremia nonanion gap metabolic acidosis may occur; concomitant use of medications associated with metabolic acidosis may increase the severity of metabolic acidosis. Monitor serum sodium bicarbonate at baseline and periodically throughout treatment; discontinue use or reduce the dose if metabolic acidosis develops or persists.

- Sulfonamide ( "sulfa " �) allergy: The FDA-approved product labeling for many medications containing a sulfonamide chemical group includes a broad contraindication in patients with a prior allergic reaction to sulfonamides. There is a potential for cross-reactivity between members of a specific class (eg, two antibiotic sulfonamides). However, concerns for cross-reactivity have previously extended to all compounds containing the sulfonamide structure (SO2NH2). An expanded understanding of allergic mechanisms indicates cross-reactivity between antibiotic sulfonamides and nonantibiotic sulfonamides may not occur or at the very least this potential is extremely low (Brackett 2004; Johnson 2005; Slatore 2004; Tornero 2004). In particular, mechanisms of cross-reaction due to antibody production (anaphylaxis) are unlikely to occur with nonantibiotic sulfonamides. T-cell-mediated (type IV) reactions (eg, maculopapular rash) are less well understood and it is not possible to completely exclude this potential based on current insights. In cases where prior reactions were severe (Stevens-Johnson syndrome/TEN), some clinicians choose to avoid exposure to these classes. Discontinue use at the first appearance of skin rash or any sign of immune-mediated or idiosyncratic adverse reaction.

Disease-related concerns:

- Hepatic impairment: Use is contraindicated in patients with hepatic impairment.

Concurrent drug therapy issues:

- Drug-drug interactions: Potentially significant interactions may exist, requiring dose or frequency adjustment, additional monitoring, and/or selection of alternative therapy. Consult drug interactions database for more detailed information.

Special populations:

- Elderly: Use with caution in the elderly; the risk of falls and metabolic acidosis is increased in this population.


Pregnancy Risk Factor

C


Pregnancy Considerations

Adverse events have been in animal reproduction studies. Information related to potassium management of primary periodic paralysis in pregnancy is limited (Levitt 2014)


Actions


Pharmacology

Dichlorphenamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; the mechanism by which dichlorphenamide exerts its therapeutic effects in patients with periodic paralysis is unknown.


Patient and Family Education


Patient Education

- Discuss specific use of drug and side effects with patient as it relates to treatment. (HCAHPS: During this hospital stay, were you given any medicine that you had not taken before? Before giving you any new medicine, how often did hospital staff tell you what the medicine was for? How often did hospital staff describe possible side effects in a way you could understand?)

- Patient may experience change in taste, headache, loss of strength and energy, dizziness, diarrhea, nausea, weight loss, joint pain, or throat pain. Have patient report immediately to prescriber signs of low potassium (muscle pain or weakness, muscle cramps, or an abnormal heartbeat), signs of acidosis (confusion, fast breathing, tachycardia, arrhythmia, severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, shortness of breath, or feeling very tired or weak), burning or numbness feeling, confusion, difficulty focusing, shortness of breath, or signs of a severe sulfonamide reaction (rash; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin; red or irritated eyes; sores in your mouth, throat, nose, or eyes; fever, chills, or sore throat; cough that is new or worse; loss of strength and energy; any bruising or bleeding; or signs of liver problems like dark urine, feeling tired, not hungry, upset stomach or stomach pain, light-colored stools, throwing up, or yellow skin or eyes)

- Educate patient about signs of a significant reaction (eg, wheezing; chest tightness; fever; itching; bad cough; blue skin color; seizures; or swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat). Note: This is not a comprehensive list of all side effects. Patient should consult prescriber for additional questions.

Intended Use and Disclaimer: Should not be printed and given to patients. This information is intended to serve as a concise initial reference for health care professionals to use when discussing medications with a patient. You must ultimately rely on your own discretion, experience and judgment in diagnosing, treating, and advising patients.

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