(KLOE za peen)
Schizophrenia, treatment resistant: Treatment of severely ill patients with schizophrenia who fail to respond adequately to antipsychotic treatment.
Suicidal behavior in schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: To reduce the risk of suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who are judged to be at chronic risk for reexperiencing suicidal behavior, based on history and recent clinical state.
Serious hypersensitivity to clozapine or any component of the formulation (eg, photosensitivity, vasculitis, erythema multiforme, or Stevens-Johnson syndrome [SJS])
Canadian labeling: Additional contraindications (not in US labeling): Myeloproliferative disorders; history of toxic or idiosyncratic agranulocytosis or severe granulocytopenia (unless due to previous chemotherapy); concomitant use with other agents that suppress bone marrow function; active hepatic disease associated with nausea, anorexia, or jaundice; progressive hepatic disease or hepatic failure; paralytic ileus; uncontrolled epilepsy; severe CNS depression or comatose states; severe renal impairment; severe cardiac disease (eg, myocarditis); patients unable to undergo blood testing
Clozapine treatment has caused severe neutropenia, defined as an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) less than 500/mcL. Severe neutropenia can lead to serious infection and death. Prior to initiating treatment, a baseline ANC must be at least 1,500/mcL for the general population and must be at least 1,000/mcL for patients with documented Benign Ethnic Neutropenia. During treatment, patients must have regular ANC monitoring. Advise patients to immediately report symptoms consistent with severe neutropenia or infection (eg, fever, weakness, lethargy, sore throat).
Because of the risk of severe neutropenia, clozapine is available only through a restricted program under a Risk Evaluation Mitigation Strategy (REMS) called the Clozapine REMS Program.
Orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia, syncope:Orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia, syncope, and cardiac arrest have occurred with treatment. The risk is highest during the initial titration period, particularly with rapid dose escalation. These reactions can occur with the first dose, with dosages as low as 12.5 mg/day. Initiate treatment at 12.5 mg once or twice daily, titrate slowly, and use divided dosages. Use cautiously in patients with cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease or conditions predisposing to hypotension (eg, dehydration, use of antihypertensive medications).
Seizures:Seizures have occurred with treatment. The risk is dose-related. Initiate treatment at 12.5 mg, titrate gradually, and use divided dosing. Use caution when administering to patients with a history of seizures or other predisposing risk factors for seizure (CNS pathology, medications that lower the seizure threshold, alcohol abuse). Caution patients about engaging in any activity where sudden loss of consciousness could cause serious risk to themselves or others.
Myocarditis and cardiomyopathy:Fatal myocarditis and cardiomyopathy have occurred with treatment. Discontinue clozapine and obtain a cardiac evaluation upon suspicion of these reactions. Generally, do not rechallenge patients with clozapine-related myocarditis or cardiomyopathy with clozapine. Consider the possibility of myocarditis or cardiomyopathy if chest pain, tachycardia, palpitations, dyspnea, fever, flu-like symptoms, hypotension, or electrocardiogram (ECG) changes occur.
Increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis:Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death. Clozapine is not approved for use in patients with dementia-related psychosis.
Note:
US labeling: Prior to initiating treatment, obtain a baseline CBC, including the ANC; the ANC must be ≥1,500/mcL for the general population and ≥1,000/mcL for patients with documented Benign Ethnic Neutropenia (BEN) in order to initiate treatment. To continue treatment, the ANC must be monitored regularly.
Canadian labeling: Prior to initiating treatment, obtain a baseline WBC and ANC; the WBC must be ≥3,500/mm3 and the ANC must be ≥2,000/mm3 in order to initiate treatment. To continue treatment, the WBC and ANC must be monitored regularly.
Schizophrenia: Oral: Initial: 12.5 mg once or twice daily; increase, as tolerated, in increments of 25 to 50 mg daily to a target dose of 300 to 450 mg daily (administered in divided doses) by the end of 2 weeks; may further titrate in increments not exceeding 100 mg and no more frequently than once or twice weekly. Maximum total daily dose: 900 mg. Note: In some efficacy studies, total daily dosage was administered in 3 divided doses.
Suicidal behavior in schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: Oral: Initial: 12.5 mg once or twice daily; increased, as tolerated, in increments of 25 to 50 mg daily to a target dose of 300 to 450 mg daily (administered in divided doses) by the end of 2 weeks; may further titrate in increments not exceeding 100 mg and no more frequently than once or twice weekly. Mean dose is ~300 mg daily; maximum total daily dose: 900 mg. Note: If no longer a suicide risk, may resume prior antipsychotic therapy after gradually tapering off clozapine over 1 to 2 weeks (Meltzer 2003; Wagstaff 2003).
Bipolar disorder (off-label use): Oral: Initial: 25 mg daily; increased, as tolerated in increments of 25 mg daily to a maximum dose of 550 mg daily. Average daily dose ~300 mg daily (Green, 2000).
Schizoaffective disorder (off-label use): Oral: Initial: 25 mg daily; increased, as tolerated to a maximum dose of 600 mg daily. Average daily dose: ~200 mg daily (Ciapparelli, 2003).
Dosage adjustment with concomitant therapy:
Strong CYP1A2 inhibitors (eg, fluvoxamine, ciprofloxacin):
Initiating clozapine with concomitant medication or adding a concomitant medication while taking clozapine: Use one-third of the clozapine dose.
Discontinuing concomitant medication while continuing clozapine: Increase clozapine dose based on clinical response.
Moderate or weak CYP1A2 inhibitors (eg, oral contraceptives, caffeine), CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 inhibitors (eg, cimetidine, escitalopram, erythromycin, paroxetine, bupropion, fluoxetine, quinidine, duloxetine, terbinafine, sertraline):
Initiating clozapine with concomitant medication or adding a concomitant medication while taking clozapine: Monitor for adverse reactions and if necessary, consider reducing the clozapine dose.
Discontinuing concomitant medication while continuing clozapine: Monitor for lack of effectiveness and if necessary, consider increasing the clozapine dose.
Strong CYP3A4 inducers (eg, phenytoin, carbamazepine, St John 's wort, rifampin):
Initiating clozapine with concomitant medication or adding a concomitant medication while taking clozapine: Concomitant use is not recommended. However, if the CYP3A4 inducer is necessary, monitor for decreased effectiveness and if necessary, consider increasing the clozapine dose.
Discontinuing concomitant medication while continuing clozapine: Reduce clozapine dose based on clinical response.
Moderate or weak CYP1A2 (eg, tobacco smoke) or CYP3A4 inducers:
Initiating clozapine with concomitant medication or adding a concomitant medication while taking clozapine: Monitor for decreased effectiveness and if necessary, consider increasing the clozapine dose.
Discontinuing concomitant medication while continuing clozapine: Monitor for adverse reactions and if necessary, consider reducing the clozapine dose.
Reinitiation of therapy: If dosing is interrupted for ≥48 hours, therapy must be reinitiated at 12.5 mg once or twice daily to minimize the risk of hypotension, bradycardia, and syncope; if dose is well tolerated, may be increased more rapidly than with initial titration, unless cardiopulmonary arrest occurred during initial titration, then retitrate with extreme caution.
Discontinuation of therapy: In the event of planned discontinuation of clozapine, gradual reduction in dose over a 1- to 2-week period is recommended. If conditions warrant abrupt discontinuation (eg, severe neutropenia), monitor patient for psychosis and cholinergic rebound (eg, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, profuse diaphoresis).
Note:
US labeling: Prior to initiating treatment, obtain a baseline CBC, including the ANC; the ANC must be ≥1,500/mcL for the general population and ≥1,000/mcL for patients with documented Benign Ethnic Neutropenia (BEN) in order to initiate treatment. To continue treatment, the ANC must be monitored regularly.
Canadian labeling: Prior to initiating treatment, obtain a baseline WBC and ANC; the WBC must be ≥3,500/mm3 and the ANC must be ≥2,000/mm3 in order to initiate treatment. To continue treatment, the WBC and ANC must be monitored regularly.
Schizophrenia: Oral: Experience in the elderly is limited; may initiate with 12.5 mg once daily for 3 days, then increase to 25 mg once daily for 3 days as tolerated; may further increase, as tolerated, in increments of 12.5 to 25 mg daily every 3 days to desired response; maximum total daily dosage: 300 mg (Howanitz, 1999). Mean recommended dosage range: 25 to 150 mg (in divided doses) (Gareri, 2003).
Psychosis/agitation related to Alzheimer dementia (off-label use): Oral: Initial: 12.5 mg once daily; if necessary, gradually increase as tolerated not to exceed 75 to 100 mg daily (Rabins, 2007)
US labeling: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturers labeling; however, labeling suggests that dose reductions may be necessary with significant impairment but does not provide specific dosing recommendations.
Canadian labeling:
Mild to moderate impairment: Initial dose: 12.5 mg once daily
Severe impairment: Use is contraindicated
US labeling: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturers labeling; however, labeling suggests that dose reductions may be necessary with significant impairment.
Canadian labeling: Contraindicated in active liver disease associated with nausea, anorexia, or jaundice; progressive liver disease; or hepatic failure. There is no dosage adjustment provided in the manufacturer 's labeling for stable preexisting hepatic disorders; use with caution.
May be taken without regard to food. Total daily dose may be divided into uneven doses with larger dose administered at bedtime. The Canadian labeling suggests that maintenance doses ≤200 mg daily may be administered as single dose in the evening.
Orally disintegrating tablet: Remove from foil blister by peeling apart (do not push tablet through the foil). Remove immediately prior to use. Place tablet in mouth and chew or allow to dissolve; swallow with saliva. If dosing requires splitting tablet, throw unused portion away.
Suspension: Shake bottle prior to use. Using syringe adaptor and oral syringe provided withdrawal dose from bottle. Administer immediately after preparation using the oral syringe provided.
Some products may contain phenylalanine.
Suspension: Store at ≤25 ‚ °C (77 ‚ °F). Protect from light. Do not refrigerate or freeze. Suspension is stable for 100 days after initial bottle opening.
Tablet: Store at ≤30 ‚ °C (86 ‚ °F).
Tablet, dispersible: Store at 20 ‚ °C to 25 ‚ °C (68 ‚ °F to 77 ‚ °F); excursions permitted to 15 ‚ °C to 30 ‚ °C (59 ‚ °F to 86 ‚ °F). Protect from moisture; do not remove from package until ready to use.
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Suspension, Oral:
Versacloz: 50 mg/mL (100 mL) [contains methylparaben sodium, propylparaben sodium]
Tablet, Oral:
Clozaril: 25 mg, 100 mg [scored]
Generic: 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg
Tablet Dispersible, Oral:
FazaClo: 12.5 mg, 25 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg [contains aspartame]
Generic: 12.5 mg, 25 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg
Abiraterone Acetate: May increase the serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates. Monitor therapy
AbobotulinumtoxinA: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the anticholinergic effect of AbobotulinumtoxinA. Monitor therapy
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Monitor therapy
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors (Central): May enhance the neurotoxic (central) effect of Antipsychotic Agents. Severe extrapyramidal symptoms have occurred in some patients. Monitor therapy
Aclidinium: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Avoid combination
Alcohol (Ethyl): CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Alcohol (Ethyl). Monitor therapy
Alfuzosin: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Amifostine: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Amifostine. Management: When amifostine is used at chemotherapy doses, blood pressure lowering medications should be withheld for 24 hours prior to amifostine administration. If blood pressure lowering therapy cannot be withheld, amifostine should not be administered. Consider therapy modification
Amisulpride: Antipsychotic Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Amisulpride. Avoid combination
Amphetamines: Antipsychotic Agents may diminish the stimulatory effect of Amphetamines. Monitor therapy
Analgesics (Opioid): Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Analgesics (Opioid). Specifically, the risk for constipation and urinary retention may be increased with this combination. Monitor therapy
Anticholinergic Agents: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of other Anticholinergic Agents. Monitor therapy
Antidiabetic Agents: Hyperglycemia-Associated Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Antidiabetic Agents. Monitor therapy
Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist): Antipsychotic Agents (Second Generation [Atypical]) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist). Management: Consider using an alternative antipsychotic agent when possible in patients with Parkinson disease. If an atypical antipsychotic is necessary, consider using clozapine or quetiapine, which may convey the lowest interaction risk. Consider therapy modification
Antipsychotic Agents (Second Generation [Atypical]): Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Antipsychotic Agents (Second Generation [Atypical]). Monitor therapy
Azelastine (Nasal): CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Azelastine (Nasal). Avoid combination
Barbiturates: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Benzodiazepines: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of CloZAPine. Management: Consider decreasing the dose of (or possibly discontinuing) benzodiazepines prior to initiating clozapine. Consider therapy modification
Blonanserin: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Blonanserin. Consider therapy modification
Blood Pressure Lowering Agents: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Antipsychotic Agents (Second Generation [Atypical]). Monitor therapy
Blood Pressure Lowering Agents: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Hypotension-Associated Agents. Monitor therapy
Brimonidine (Topical): May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
Brimonidine (Topical): May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Cannabis: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Cannabis: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
CarBAMazepine: May enhance the myelosuppressive effect of CloZAPine. More specifically, the risk of bone marrow suppression with this combination may be increased due to the independent myelosuppressive effects of the drugs. CarBAMazepine may decrease the serum concentration of CloZAPine. Avoid combination
Cimetidine: May increase the serum concentration of CloZAPine. Management: Consider use of an alternative H2 antagonist. Monitor for increased toxic effects of clozapine if cimetidine is initiated/dose increased, or decreased effects if cimetidine is discontinued/dose decreased. Consider therapy modification
Cimetropium: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Cimetropium. Avoid combination
Ciprofloxacin (Systemic): May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of CloZAPine. Ciprofloxacin (Systemic) may increase the serum concentration of CloZAPine. Management: Avoid when possible. Reduce the clozapine dose by one-third when adding ciprofloxacin and monitor closely for evidence of excessive QTc prolongation and clozapine toxicity. Resume the previous clozapine dose following ciprofloxacin discontinuation. Avoid combination
CNS Depressants: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of other CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
CYP1A2 Inhibitors (Moderate): May decrease the metabolism of CYP1A2 Substrates. Monitor therapy
CYP1A2 Inhibitors (Strong): May increase the serum concentration of CloZAPine. Management: Reduce the dose of clozapine to one-third of the original dose when adding a strong CYP1A2 inhibitor, and monitor patient response closely. Return to the original clozapine dose when the strong CYP1A2 inhibitor is removed. Consider therapy modification
CYP3A4 Inducers (Strong): May decrease the serum concentration of CloZAPine. Avoid combination
CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Strong): May increase the serum concentration of CloZAPine. Monitor therapy
Cyproterone: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Deferasirox: May increase the serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Diazoxide: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Dimethindene: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
Doxylamine: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: The manufacturer of Diclegis (doxylamine/pyridoxine), intended for use in pregnancy, specifically states that use with other CNS depressants is not recommended. Monitor therapy
Dronabinol: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
Droperidol: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Consider dose reductions of droperidol or of other CNS agents (e.g., opioids, barbiturates) with concomitant use. Consider therapy modification
DULoxetine: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of DULoxetine. Monitor therapy
Eluxadoline: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the constipating effect of Eluxadoline. Avoid combination
Erythromycin (Systemic): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of CloZAPine. Monitor therapy
Flunitrazepam: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Flunitrazepam. Consider therapy modification
Gastrointestinal Agents (Prokinetic): Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Gastrointestinal Agents (Prokinetic). Monitor therapy
Glucagon: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Glucagon. Specifically, the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects may be increased. Avoid combination
Glycopyrrolate (Oral Inhalation): Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Glycopyrrolate (Oral Inhalation). Avoid combination
Herbs (Hypotensive Properties): May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Highest Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents: Moderate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Highest Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents. Avoid combination
HYDROcodone: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of HYDROcodone. Management: Consider starting with a 20% to 30% lower hydrocodone dose when using together with any other CNS depressant. Dose reductions in the other CNS depressant may also be warranted. Consider therapy modification
HydrOXYzine: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
Hypotension-Associated Agents: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Hypotension-Associated Agents. Monitor therapy
Ipratropium (Oral Inhalation): May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Avoid combination
Itopride: Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Itopride. Monitor therapy
Ivabradine: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Moderate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents. Avoid combination
Kava Kava: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
Levosulpiride: Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Levosulpiride. Avoid combination
Lithium: May enhance the neurotoxic effect of Antipsychotic Agents. Lithium may decrease the serum concentration of Antipsychotic Agents. Specifically noted with chlorpromazine. Monitor therapy
Magnesium Sulfate: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
Mequitazine: Antipsychotic Agents may enhance the arrhythmogenic effect of Mequitazine. Management: Consider alternatives to one of these agents when possible. While this combination is not specifically contraindicated, mequitazine labeling describes this combination as discouraged. Consider therapy modification
Methotrimeprazine: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Methotrimeprazine. Methotrimeprazine may enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Reduce adult dose of CNS depressant agents by 50% with initiation of concomitant methotrimeprazine therapy. Further CNS depressant dosage adjustments should be initiated only after clinically effective methotrimeprazine dose is established. Consider therapy modification
Methylphenidate: Antipsychotic Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Methylphenidate. Methylphenidate may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Antipsychotic Agents. Monitor therapy
Metoclopramide: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Antipsychotic Agents. Avoid combination
MetyroSINE: CNS Depressants may enhance the sedative effect of MetyroSINE. Monitor therapy
MetyroSINE: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Antipsychotic Agents. Monitor therapy
Mianserin: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Monitor therapy
MiFEPRIStone: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Moderate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents. Avoid combination
Minocycline: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
Mirabegron: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Mirabegron. Monitor therapy
Mirtazapine: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Mirtazapine. Monitor therapy
Moderate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of other Moderate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents. Management: Avoid such combinations when possible. Use should be accompanied by close monitoring for evidence of QT prolongation or other alterations of cardiac rhythm. Consider therapy modification
Molsidomine: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Myelosuppressive Agents: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of CloZAPine. Specifically, the risk for neutropenia may be increased. Monitor therapy
Nabilone: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
Naftopidil: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Nefazodone: May decrease the metabolism of CloZAPine. Monitor therapy
Nicergoline: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Nicorandil: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Nitroprusside: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Nitroprusside. Monitor therapy
Obeticholic Acid: May increase the serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Obinutuzumab: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Management: Consider temporarily withholding blood pressure lowering medications beginning 12 hours prior to obinutuzumab infusion and continuing until 1 hour after the end of the infusion. Consider therapy modification
Omeprazole: May decrease the serum concentration of CloZAPine. Omeprazole may increase the serum concentration of CloZAPine. Monitor therapy
OnabotulinumtoxinA: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the anticholinergic effect of OnabotulinumtoxinA. Monitor therapy
Orphenadrine: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Orphenadrine. Avoid combination
Oxatomide: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Avoid combination
OxyCODONE: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of OxyCODONE. Management: When oxycodone is combined with another CNS depressant, a dose reduction of one or both agents should be considered. The extended release oxycodone starting dose should be reduced 50% to 67% when initiated in patients already receiving CNS depressants. Consider therapy modification
Paraldehyde: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Paraldehyde. Avoid combination
Peginterferon Alfa-2b: May increase the serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Pentoxifylline: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Perampanel: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Patients taking perampanel with any other drug that has CNS depressant activities should avoid complex and high-risk activities, particularly those such as driving that require alertness and coordination, until they have experience using the combination. Consider therapy modification
Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Potassium Chloride: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the ulcerogenic effect of Potassium Chloride. Management: Patients on drugs with substantial anticholinergic effects should avoid using any solid oral dosage form of potassium chloride. Avoid combination
Pramlintide: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. These effects are specific to the GI tract. Consider therapy modification
Prostacyclin Analogues: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
QTc-Prolonging Agents (Indeterminate Risk and Risk Modifying): May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Moderate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents. Monitor therapy
Quinagolide: Antipsychotic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Quinagolide. Monitor therapy
Quinagolide: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Ramosetron: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the constipating effect of Ramosetron. Monitor therapy
RimabotulinumtoxinB: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the anticholinergic effect of RimabotulinumtoxinB. Monitor therapy
Rufinamide: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of CNS Depressants. Specifically, sleepiness and dizziness may be enhanced. Monitor therapy
Secretin: Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Secretin. Management: Avoid using drugs with substantial anticholinergic effects in patients receiving secretin whenever possible. If such agents must be used in combination, monitor closely for a diminished response to secretin. Consider therapy modification
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: May increase the serum concentration of CloZAPine. Management: Reduce the dose of clozapine by one-third of the original dose when adding fluvoxamine; return to the original clozapine dose when fluvoxamine is removed. Routine dose-adjustment is not recommended for other SSRIs, but increased monitoring is warranted. Consider therapy modification
Serotonin Modulators: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Antipsychotic Agents. Specifically, serotonin modulators may enhance dopamine blockade, possibly increasing the risk for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Antipsychotic Agents may enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonin Modulators. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Exceptions: Nicergoline. Monitor therapy
Sodium Oxybate: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Consider alternatives to combined use. When combined use is needed, consider minimizing doses of one or more drugs. Use of sodium oxybate with alcohol or sedative hypnotics is contraindicated. Consider therapy modification
St Johns Wort: May decrease the serum concentration of CloZAPine. Avoid combination
Sulpiride: Antipsychotic Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Sulpiride. Avoid combination
Suvorexant: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Suvorexant. Management: Dose reduction of suvorexant and/or any other CNS depressant may be necessary. Use of suvorexant with alcohol is not recommended, and the use of suvorexant with any other drug to treat insomnia is not recommended. Consider therapy modification
Tapentadol: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Start tapentadol at a dose of one-third to one-half of the normal dose if being initiated in a patient who is taking another drug with CNS depressant effects. Monitor closely for evidence of excessive CNS depression. Consider therapy modification
Teriflunomide: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates. Monitor therapy
Tetrahydrocannabinol: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
Thalidomide: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Thalidomide. Avoid combination
Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics: Anticholinergic Agents may increase the serum concentration of Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics. Monitor therapy
Tiotropium: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Tiotropium. Avoid combination
TiZANidine: CYP1A2 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of TiZANidine. Management: Avoid these combinations when possible. If combined use cannot be avoided, initiate tizanidine at an adult dose of 2 mg and increase in 2-4 mg increments based on patient response. Monitor for increased effects of tizanidine, including adverse reactions. Consider therapy modification
Topiramate: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Topiramate. Monitor therapy
Trimeprazine: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Monitor therapy
Umeclidinium: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Avoid combination
Vinflunine: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Moderate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents. Avoid combination
Zolpidem: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Zolpidem. Management: Reduce the Intermezzo brand sublingual zolpidem adult dose to 1.75 mg for men who are also receiving other CNS depressants. No such dose change is recommended for women. Avoid use with other CNS depressants at bedtime; avoid use with alcohol. Consider therapy modification
Mental status; CBC (see monitoring recommendations based on ANC); vital signs (as clinically indicated); ECG (as clinically indicated); blood pressure (baseline; repeat 3 months after antipsychotic initiation, then yearly); signs and symptoms of myocarditis and cardiomyopathy; weight, height, body mass index, waist circumference (baseline; repeat at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after initiating or changing therapy, then quarterly; consider switching to a different antipsychotic for a weight gain 5% or more of initial weight); electrolytes and liver function (annually and as clinically indicated); personal and family history of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, or cardiovascular disease (baseline; repeat annually); fasting plasma glucose level/HbA1c (baseline; repeat 3 months after starting antipsychotic, then yearly); lipid panel (baseline; repeat 3 months after initiation of antipsychotic; if low-density lipoprotein level is normal, repeat at 2- to 5-year intervals or more frequently if clinical indicated); changes in menstruation, libido, development of galactorrhea, and erectile and ejaculatory function (yearly); abnormal involuntary movements or parkinsonian signs (baseline; repeat weekly until dose stabilized for at least 2 weeks after introduction and for 2 weeks after any significant dose increase); tardive dyskinesia (every 12 months; high-risk patients every 6 months); ocular examination (yearly in patients older than 40 years; every 2 years in younger patients) (ADA, 2004; Lehman, 2004; Marder, 2004).
US labeling:
General population: Prior to initiating treatment, obtain a baseline CBC, including the ANC; the ANC must be ≥1,500/mcL for the general population in order to initiate treatment. During the first 6 months of treatment, monitor the ANC weekly. If the ANC remains ≥1,500/mcL, the monitoring frequency can be reduced to every 2 weeks for the next 6 months. If the ANC remains ≥1,500/mcL for the second 6 months of continuous therapy, the ANC monitoring frequency can be reduced to once every 4 weeks.
Treatment interruption: If ANC is ≥1,500/mcL and treatment is interrupted for <30 days, continue monitoring as before, if ≥30 days monitor as if a new patient.
Treatment discontinuation: For abrupt clozapine discontinuation for a reason unrelated to neutropenia in the general population, continuation of ANC monitoring is recommended until the ANC is ≥1,500/mcL. Additional ANC monitoring is required for any patient reporting onset of fever, defined as a temperature of 38.5 ‚ °C (101.3 ‚ °F) or greater, during the 2 weeks after discontinuation.
Monitor patients for psychosis and cholinergic rebound (eg, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, profuse diaphoresis).
Hematologic toxicity monitoring: Confirm all initial reports of ANC <1,500/mcL with a repeat ANC within 24 hours.
Fever: Interrupt clozapine as a precautionary measure in any patient who develops a fever, defined as a temperature of 38.5 ‚ °C (101.3 ‚ °F) or greater, and obtain an ANC level. Fever is often the first sign of neutropenic infection.
Mild neutropenia (1,000 to 1,499/mcL): Continue treatment; monitor ANC 3 times weekly until ≥1,500/mcL and then return to previous monitoring schedule.
Moderate neutropenia (500 to 999/mcL): Interrupt therapy, recommend hematology consultation, and begin daily ANC monitoring until ANC ≥1,000/mcL and then may consider restarting therapy. Follow with 3 times weekly monitoring until ANC ≥1,500/mcL. Once ANC ≥1,500/mcL, check ANC weekly for 4 weeks and then return to previous monitoring schedule.
If fever occurs in any patient with an ANC <1,000/mcL, initiate appropriate workup and treatment for infection.
Severe neutropenia (<500/mcL): Interrupt therapy, recommend hematology consultation, and begin daily ANC monitoring until ANC ≥1,000/mcL. Follow with 3 times weekly monitoring until ANC ≥1,500/mcL. Do not rechallenge unless prescriber determines benefits outweigh risks. If rechallenged, resume treatment as a new patient once ANC ≥1,500/mcL.
Benign Ethnic Neutropenia (BEN): Prior to initiating treatment, obtain at least 2 baseline CBC levels, including the ANC; the ANC must be ≥1,000/mcL for patients with documented Benign Ethnic Neutropenia (BEN) in order to initiate treatment. During the first 6 months of treatment, monitor the ANC weekly. If the ANC remains ≥1,000/mcL, the monitoring frequency can be reduced to every 2 weeks for the next 6 months. If the ANC remains ≥1,000/mcL for the second 6 months of continuous therapy, the ANC monitoring frequency can be reduced to once every 4 weeks.
Treatment interruption: If ANC is ≥1,000/mcL and treatment is interrupted for <30 days, continue monitoring as before, if ≥30 days monitor as if a new patient.
Treatment discontinuation: For abrupt clozapine discontinuation for a reason unrelated to neutropenia in BEN patients, continuation of ANC monitoring is recommended until the ANC is ≥1,000/mcL or above their baseline. Additional ANC monitoring is required for any patient reporting onset of fever, defined as a temperature of 38.5 ‚ °C (101.3 ‚ °F) or greater, during the 2 weeks after discontinuation.
Monitor patients for psychosis and cholinergic rebound (eg, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, profuse diaphoresis).
Hematologic toxicity monitoring: Confirm all initial reports of ANC <1,500/mcL with a repeat ANC within 24 hours.
Fever: Interrupt clozapine as a precautionary measure in any patient who develops a fever, defined as a temperature of 38.5 ‚ °C (101.3 ‚ °F) or greater, and obtain an ANC level. Fever is often the first sign of neutropenic infection.
BEN neutropenia (500 to 999/mcL): Continue therapy, recommend hematology consultation, and begin 3 times weekly ANC monitoring until ANC ≥1,000/mcL or greater than or equal to patients known baseline. Once ANC ≥1,000/mcL or patient 's known baseline, check ANC weekly for 4 weeks and then return to previous monitoring schedule.
If fever occurs in any patient with an ANC <1,000/mcL, initiate appropriate workup and treatment for infection.
BEN severe neutropenia (<500/mcL): Interrupt therapy, recommend hematology consultation, and begin daily ANC monitoring until ANC ≥500/mcL. Follow with 3 times weekly monitoring until ANC greater than or equal to patients baseline. Do not rechallenge unless prescriber determines benefits outweigh risks. If rechallenged, resume treatment as a new patient once ANC ≥1,000/mcL.
Hospice patients: For hospice patients (ie, terminally ill patients with an estimated life expectancy of ≤6 months), ANC monitoring may be reduced to a frequency of once every 6 months after a discussion with the patient and caregiver. Base ANC monitoring on individual treatment needs to control psychiatric symptoms and terminal illness.
Concurrent use of other drugs associated with neutropenia: If clozapine is used concurrently with an agent known to cause neutropenia (eg, some chemotherapeutic agents), consider monitoring patients more closely. Consult with treating oncologist in patients receiving concomitant chemotherapy.
Canadian labeling:
Prior to initiating treatment, obtain a baseline WBC and ANC; the WBC must be ≥3,500/mm3 and the ANC must be ≥2,000/mm3 in order to initiate treatment. Initiate treatment in an inpatient setting or an outpatient setting with medical supervision and monitor of vital signs for at least 6 to 8 hours after the first few doses. During the first 6 months (26 weeks) of treatment WBC and ANC should be obtained at baseline and at least weekly. If counts remain acceptable (WBC ≥3,500/mm3, ANC ≥2,000/mm3) during this time period, then they may be monitored every other week for the next 6 months (26 weeks). If WBC/ANC continue to remain within these acceptable limits after the second 6 months (26 weeks) of therapy, monitoring can be decreased to every 4 weeks. If clozapine is discontinued, a weekly WBC should be conducted for an additional 4 weeks or until WBC is ≥3,500/mm3 and ANC is ≥2,000/mm3.
Special populations: Patients with low WBC counts because of benign ethnic neutropenia should be given special consideration and may be started on clozapine after consultation with a hematologist. Patients with a history of bone marrow disorders should be evaluated by a hematologist prior to starting clozapine; therapy may be initiated if the benefit outweighs the risk.
Treatment interruption: Note: Only applies to patients with WBC ≥3,500/mm3 and the ANC ≥2,000/mm3. If treatment is interrupted for <3 days, continue monitoring as before. If ≥3 days of therapy interruption, resume weekly hematologic monitoring for an additional 6 weeks, then resume previous monitoring schedule. If treatment is interrupted for >4 weeks, monitor as if a new patient.
Hematologic toxicity monitoring:
Flu-like complaints or other symptoms which might suggest infection: Continue treatment; monitor WBC and ANC twice weekly.
Substantial drop in WBC or ANC (single drop or cumulative drop within 4 weeks of WBC ≥3,000/mm3, reaching a value <4,000/mm3, or ANC ≥1,500/mm3, reaching a value <2,500/mm3): Repeat WBC and ANC; if repeat values are WBC 3,000 to 3,500/mm3 and ANC <2,000/mm3, then monitor twice weekly. Continue treatment; monitor WBC and ANC twice weekly until WBC >3,500/mm3 and ANC >2,000/mm3 then return to previous monitoring schedule.
WBC 2,000 to 3,500/mm3 and/or ANC 1,500 to 2,000/mm3: Continue treatment; monitor WBC and ANC twice weekly until WBC >3,500/mm3 and ANC >2,000/mm3, then return to previous monitoring schedule.
WBC <2,000/mm3 and/or ANC <1,500/mm3: Discontinue treatment and do not rechallenge patient; continue to monitor WBC/ANC closely and monitor for signs of infection. If WBC falls <1,000/mm3 or ANC falls <500/mm3, place patient in protective isolation with close observation.
Eosinophilia (eosinophil count >3,000/mm3): Discontinue treatment and restart only after the eosinophil count is <1,000/mm3. Patients with both eosinophilia and clozapine-induced myocarditis should not be re-exposed to clozapine.
Thrombocytopenia (platelet count <50,000/mm3): Discontinue treatment.
>10%:
Cardiovascular: Tachycardia (25%)
Central nervous system: Drowsiness (39% to 46%), dizziness (19% to 27%), insomnia (2% to 20%)
Gastrointestinal: Sialorrhea (31% to 48%), weight gain (4% to 31%), constipation (14% to 25%), nausea/vomiting (3% to 17%), abdominal discomfort/heartburn (4% to 14%)
1% to 10%:
Cardiovascular: Hypotension (9%), syncope (6%), hypertension (4%), angina pectoris (1%), ECG changes (1%)
Central nervous system: Headache (7%), fever (5%), agitation (4%), akinesia (4%), nightmares (4%), restlessness (4%), akathisia (3%), confusion (3%), seizure (3%; dose related), fatigue (2%), anxiety (1%), ataxia (1%), depression (1%), lethargy (1%), myoclonic seizures (1%), pain (1%), slurred speech (1%)
Dermatologic: Skin rash (2%)
Gastrointestinal: Xerostomia (6%), diarrhea (2%), anorexia (1%), sore throat (1%)
Genitourinary: Genitourinary complaint (abnormal ejaculation, retention, urgency, incontinence; 1% to 2%)
Hematologic: Leukopenia (3%)
Hepatic: Abnormal hepatic function tests (1%)
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Tremor (6%), hypokinesia (4%), muscle rigidity (3%), hyperkinesia (1%), muscle spasm (1%), weakness (1%)
Ocular: Visual disturbance (5%)
Respiratory: Dyspnea (1%), nasal congestion (1%)
Miscellaneous: Diaphoresis (6%), numbness of tongue (1%)
<1%, postmarketing, and/or case reports (Limited to important or life-threatening): Abnormal electrocephalogram, agranulocytosis, amnesia, anemia, aspiration, bronchitis, cardiac failure, cataplexy, cerebrovascular accident, cholestasis, colitis, deep vein thrombosis, delirium, dermatitis, difficult micturition, dyschromia, edema, eosinophilia, erythema multiforme, fecal impaction, gastric ulcer, gastroenteritis, granulocytopenia, hallucinations, hematemesis, hepatotoxicity, hyperglycemia, hyperosmolar coma, hypersensitivity reaction, hyperuricemia, hypothermia, impotence, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, liver steatosis, lower respiratory tract infection, mental retardation, mitral valve insufficiency, myasthenia syndrome, mydriasis, myocarditis, myoclonus, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, obsessive compulsive disorder, orthostatic hypotension, pancreatitis (acute), paralytic ileus, parkinsonian like-syndrome, pheochromocytoma (pseudo), pericardial effusion, pericarditis, periorbital edema, phlebitis, pleural effusion, priapism, prolonged QT interval on ECG, psychosis exacerbated, pulmonary embolism, rectal hemorrhage, renal failure, respiratory arrest, rhabdomyolysis, sialadentitis, sepsis, skin photosensitivity, speech disturbance, status epilepticus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, syncope, systemic lupus erythematosus, tardive dyskinesia, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis, thrombophlebitis, torsade de pointes, weight loss
Clozapine concentrations may be increased.
Clozapine concentrations may be increased.
Concerns related to adverse effects:
- Anticholinergic effects: May cause anticholinergic effects (constipation, xerostomia, blurred vision, urinary retention); use with caution in patients with decreased gastrointestinal motility, urinary retention, BPH, xerostomia, or visual problems. Because of its potential to significantly decrease GI motility, use is associated with increased risk of paralytic ileus, bowel obstruction, fecal impaction, bowel perforation, and in rare cases death. Bowel regimens and monitoring are recommended (De Hert 2011; Nielsen 2012; Palmer 2008).
- Cardiovascular events:
- [US Boxed Warning]: Orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia, syncope, and cardiac arrest have been reported with clozapine treatment. Risk is highest during the initial titration period especially with rapid dose increases. Symptoms can develop with the first dose and with doses as low as 12.5 mg per day. Initiate treatment with no more than 12.5 mg once daily or twice daily; titrate slowly, and use divided doses. Use with caution in patients at risk for these effects (eg, cerebrovascular disease, cardiovascular disease) or with predisposing conditions for hypotensive episodes (eg, hypovolemia, concurrent antihypertensive medication); reactions can be fatal. Consider dose reduction if hypotension occurs. If patients have had even a brief interval off clozapine ( ≥2 days), reinitiate treatment at 12.5 mg once daily or twice daily. May also cause tachycardia; tachycardia is not limited to a reflex response to orthostatic hypotension.
- [US Boxed Warning]: Fatalities due to myocarditis and cardiomyopathy have been reported. Upon suspicion of these reactions, discontinue clozapine and obtain a cardiac evaluation. Symptoms may include chest pain, tachycardia, palpitations, dyspnea, fever, flu-like symptoms, hypotension, or ECG changes. Patients with clozaril-related myocarditis or cardiomyopathy should generally not be rechallenged with clozapine. If the benefit of treatment is judged to outweigh the potential risks of recurrent myocarditis or cardiomyopathy, rechallenge may be considered in consultation with a cardiologist, after a complete cardiac evaluation, and under close monitoring. Myocarditis and cardiomyopathy may occur at any period during clozapine treatment; however, typically myocarditis presents within the first 2 months and cardiomyopathy after 8 weeks of treatment.
- Cerebrovascular effects: An increased incidence of cerebrovascular effects (eg, transient ischemic attack, stroke), including fatalities, has been reported in placebo-controlled trials of atypical antipsychotics in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis; use with caution in patients at risk for cerebrovascular events.
- CNS depression: May cause CNS depression, which may impair physical or mental abilities; patients must be cautioned about performing tasks that require mental alertness (eg, operating machinery or driving). Consider dose reduction if symptoms occur; may be dose-related. Use with caution in patients receiving general anesthesia.
- Dyslipidemia: Undesirable changes in lipids have been observed with antipsychotic therapy; incidence varies with product. Periodically monitor total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL concentrations.
- Eosinophilia: Eosinophilia (ie, an eosinophil count >700/mcL) has been reported to occur (usually within first month) with clozapine treatment. If eosinophilia develops, evaluate for signs or symptoms of systemic reactions (eg, rash or other allergic symptoms), myocarditis, or organ-specific disease. If systemic disease is suspected, discontinue clozapine immediately. If a cause of eosinophilia unrelated to clozapine is identified, treat the underlying cause and continue clozapine. If cause of eosinophilia is related to clozapine, but is in the absence of organ involvement, continue clozapine under careful monitoring. If the total eosinophil count continues to increase over several weeks in the absence of systemic disease, base decision to interrupt treatment and rechallenge (after eosinophil count decreases) on an overall clinical assessment, in consultation with internist or hematologist. (Note: The Canadian labeling recommends discontinuing therapy for eosinophil count >3,000/mm3; may resume therapy when eosinophil count <1,000/mm3).
- Esophageal dysmotility/aspiration: Antipsychotic use has been associated with esophageal dysmotility and aspiration; use with caution in patients at risk of aspiration pneumonia (eg, Alzheimer disease) (Maddalena, 2004).
- Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS): May cause extrapyramidal symptoms, including pseudoparkinsonism, acute dystonic reactions, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia (risk of these reactions is generally much lower relative to typical/conventional antipsychotics). Risk of dystonia (and probably other EPS) may be greater with increased doses, use of conventional antipsychotics, males, and younger patients.
- Fever: Benign transient temperature elevation (>38 ‚ °C or 100.4 ‚ °F) may occur; peaking within the first 3 weeks of treatment. May be associated with an increase or decrease in WBC count. Rule out infection, severe neutropenia, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) in patients presenting with fever.
- Hyperglycemia: Atypical antipsychotics have been associated with development of hyperglycemia; in some cases, may be extreme and associated with ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar coma, or death. In some cases, hyperglycemia resolved after discontinuation of the antipsychotic; however, some patients have required continuation of antidiabetic treatment. All patients should be monitored for symptoms of hyperglycemia (eg, polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weakness). Use with caution in patients with diabetes or other disorders of glucose regulation; monitor for worsening of glucose control during therapy. Patients with risk factors for diabetes (eg, obesity or family history) should have a baseline fasting blood sugar (FBS) and periodically during treatment.
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: Use may be associated with neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS); monitor for mental status changes, fever, muscle rigidity and/or autonomic instability. NMS can recur. Following recovery from NMS, reintroduction of drug therapy should be carefully considered; if an antipsychotic agent is resumed, monitor closely for NMS.
- Neutropenia: [US Boxed Warning]: Clozapine treatment has caused severe neutropenia, defined as an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) less than 500/mcL. Severe neutropenia can lead to serious infection and death. Prior to initiating treatment, a baseline ANC must be ≥1,500/mcL for the general population and must be ≥1,000/mcL for patients with documented Benign Ethnic Neutropenia. During treatment, patients must have regular ANC monitoring. Advise patients to immediately report symptoms consistent with severe neutropenia or infection (eg, fever, weakness, lethargy, sore throat). Risk is greatest within the first 18 weeks of therapy. The mechanism of clozapine-induced neutropenia is unknown and is not dose-dependent. Because of the risk of severe neutropenia, clozapine is available only through a restricted program under a Risk Evaluation Mitigation Strategy (REMS) called the Clozapine REMS Program. Canadian labeling recommends all patients be screened for a history of neutropenia and agranulocytosis associated with clozapine use (ie, are not in the non-rechallengeable databases of any clozapine suppliers).In addition, Canadian labeling contraindicates use in patients with a history of myeloproliferative disorder, toxic or idiosyncratic agranulocytosis, or severe granulocytopenia (unless due to previous chemotherapy).
- QT prolongation: Clozapine is associated with QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias including torsade de pointes; cardiac arrest and sudden death may occur. Use caution in patients with conditions that may increase the risk of QT prolongation, including history of QT prolongation, long QT syndrome, family history of long QT syndrome or sudden cardiac death, significant cardiac arrhythmia, recent myocardial infarction, uncompensated heart failure, treatment with other medications that cause QT prolongation, treatment with medications that inhibit the metabolism of clozapine, hypokalemia, and hypomagnesemia. Consider obtaining a baseline ECG and serum chemistry panel. Correct electrolyte abnormalities prior to initiating therapy. Discontinue clozapine if QTc interval >500 msec.
- Seizures: [US Boxed Warning]: Seizures have been associated with clozapine use in a dose-dependent manner. Initiate treatment with no more than 12.5 mg, titrate gradually using divided dosing. Use with caution in patients at risk of seizures, including those with a history of seizures, head trauma, brain damage, alcoholism, or concurrent therapy with medications which may lower seizure threshold. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of seizures due to an increased prevalence of predisposing factors (Gareri, 2008).
- Sialorrhea: Sialorrhea and drooling may occur with clozapine use; symptoms may be more profound during sleep and may be dose-related. As a result of excessive saliva, patients may initially experience choking sensations that cause nighttime awakening, hoarseness or dysphonia of the voice, and a chronic cough. Skin irritation and infections, aspiration pneumonia, chronic sleep disturbances with daytime fatigue and somnolence, painful swelling of the salivary glands, and symptomatic aerophagia with resultant gas bloating, pain, and flatus may also develop. Titrate clozapine slowly to minimize the chances of inducing sialorrhea; consider dose reduction with or without therapeutic augmentation, or therapeutic substitution, if symptoms develop. Nonpharmacological strategies such as propping head up on several pillows while sleeping, sleeping on the side, placing a towel over pillow to prevent soaking, or chewing sugar free gum may be considered in milder cases (Praharaj, 2006). Limited evidence exists for pharmacologic interventions; use extreme caution with drugs that have anticholinergic effects to avoid additive adverse effects with clozapine including constipation or cognitive impairment (APA [Lehman, 2004]; Praharaj, 2006).
- Suicidal ideation: The possibility of a suicide attempt is inherent in psychotic illness or bipolar disorder; use with caution in high-risk patients during initiation of therapy. Prescriptions should be written for the smallest quantity consistent with good patient care.
- Temperature regulation: Impaired core body temperature regulation may occur; caution with strenuous exercise, heat exposure, dehydration, and concomitant medication possessing anticholinergic effects (Kerwin, 2004; Safferman, 1991).
- Thromboembolism: Cases of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (some fatal) have been associated with clozapine. Avoidance of risk factors such as weight gain and sedentary lifestyle may minimize the risk (Paciullo, 2008).
- Weight gain: Significant weight gain has been observed with antipsychotic therapy; incidence varies with product. Monitor waist circumference and BMI.
Disease-related concerns:
- Benign ethnic neutropenia: Patients with benign ethnic neutropenia (BEN), a condition observed in certain ethnic groups whose average absolute neutrophil count (ANC) values are lower than standard laboratory ranges for neutrophils, have different ANC monitoring parameters due to their lower baseline ANC levels. BEN is most commonly observed in individuals of African descent, some Middle Eastern ethic group, in other non-Caucasian ethnic groups with darker skin, and in men. BEN patients are not at increased risk for developing clozapine-induced neutropenia. Consider hematology consultation prior to initiation.
- Cardiovascular disease: Use with caution in patients with cardiovascular disease; gradually increase dose.
- Dementia: [US Boxed Warning]: Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotics are at an increased risk of death compared to placebo. Most deaths appeared to be either cardiovascular (eg, heart failure, sudden death) or infectious (eg, pneumonia) in nature. Clozapine is not approved for the treatment of dementia-related psychosis.
- Glaucoma: Use with caution in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma; condition may be exacerbated by cholinergic blockade. Screening is recommended.
- Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with hepatic disease or impairment; monitor hepatic function regularly. Hepatitis has been reported as a consequence of therapy. Dosage reduction may be necessary in patients with significant hepatic impairment.
- Renal impairment: Use with caution in patients with renal impairment. Dosage reduction may be necessary in patients with significant renal impairment.
Concurrent drug therapy issues:
- Drug-drug interactions: Potentially significant interactions may exist, requiring dose or frequency adjustment, additional monitoring, and/or selection of alternative therapy. Consult drug interactions database for more detailed information.
Special populations:
- CYP2D6 poor metabolizers: Clozapine concentrations may be increased in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers. Dose reduction may be necessary.
- Elderly: The elderly are more susceptible to adverse effects (including agranulocytosis, cardiovascular, anticholinergic, and tardive dyskinesia).
- Smokers: Clozapine levels may be lower in patients who smoke. Smokers may require twice the daily dose as nonsmokers in order to obtain an equivalent clozapine concentration (Tsuda, 2014). Smoking cessation may cause toxicity in a patient stabilized on clozapine. Monitor change in smoking patterns. Consider baseline serum clozapine levels and/or empiric dosage adjustments (30% to 40% reduction) in patients expected to have a prolonged hospital stay with forced smoking cessation. Case reports suggest symptoms from increasing clozapine concentrations may develop 2 to 4 weeks after smoking cessation (Lowe 2010).
Dosage form specific issues:
- Brand/generic: Use caution when converting from brand to generic formulation; poor tolerability, including relapse, has been reported usually soon after product switch (1 to 3 months); monitor closely during this time (Bobo, 2010).
- Phenylalanine: FazaClo oral disintegrating tablets contain phenylalanine.
Other warnings/precautions:
- Abrupt discontinuation: Medication should not be stopped abruptly; taper off over 1 to 2 weeks. If conditions warrant abrupt discontinuation (eg, severe neutropenia, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy), monitor patient for psychosis and cholinergic rebound (eg, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, profuse diaphoresis).
B
Adverse events were not observed in animal reproduction studies. Clozapine crosses the placenta and can be detected in the fetal blood and amniotic fluid (Barnas, 1994). Antipsychotic use during the third trimester of pregnancy has a risk for abnormal muscle movements (extrapyramidal symptoms [EPS]) and/or withdrawal symptoms in newborns following delivery. Symptoms in the newborn may include agitation, feeding disorder, hypertonia, hypotonia, respiratory distress, somnolence, and tremor; these effects may be self-limiting or require hospitalization.
Clozapine may theoretically cause agranulocytosis in the fetus and should not routinely be used in pregnancy (NICE, 2007). The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that therapy during pregnancy be individualized; treatment with psychiatric medications during pregnancy should incorporate the clinical expertise of the mental health clinician, obstetrician, primary healthcare provider, and pediatrician. Safety data related to atypical antipsychotics during pregnancy is limited and routine use is not recommended. However, if a woman is inadvertently exposed to an atypical antipsychotic while pregnant, continuing therapy may be preferable to switching to a typical antipsychotic that the fetus has not yet been exposed to; consider risk:benefit (ACOG, 2008). An increased risk of exacerbation of psychosis should be considered when discontinuing or changing treatment during pregnancy and postpartum.
Healthcare providers are encouraged to enroll women 18 to 45 years of age exposed to clozapine during pregnancy in the Atypical Antipsychotics Pregnancy Registry (1-866-961-2388 or http://www.womensmentalhealth.org/pregnancyregistry).
Women with amenorrhea associated with use of other antipsychotic agents may return to normal menstruation when switching to clozapine therapy. Reliable contraceptive measures should be employed by women of childbearing potential switching to clozapine therapy.
The therapeutic efficacy of clozapine (dibenzodiazepine antipsychotic) is proposed to be mediated through antagonism of the dopamine type 2 (D2) and serotonin type 2A (5-HT2A) receptors. In addition, it acts as an antagonist at alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, cholinergic, and other dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors.
Extensively hepatic; forms metabolites with limited (desmethyl metabolite) or no activity (hydroxylated and N-oxide derivative derivatives). Note: A pediatric pharmacokinetic study (n=6; age: 9-16 years) found higher concentrations of the desmethyl metabolite in comparison to clozapine (especially in females) when compared to data from adult studies; the authors suggest that both the parent drug and desmethyl metabolite contribute to the efficacy and adverse effect profile in children and adolescents (Frazier 2003).
Urine (~50%) and feces (30%) with trace amounts of unchanged drug
Onset of action: Within 1 week for sedation, improvement in sleep; 6-12 weeks for antipsychotic effects; Adequate trial: 6-12 weeks at a therapeutic dose and blood level; Maximum effect: 6-12 months; improvement may continue 6-12 months after clozapine initiation (Meltzer, 2003)
Suspension: 2.2 hours (range: 1 to 3.5 hours); Tablets: 2.5 hours (range: 1 to 6 hours); Dispersible tablets: 2.3 hours (range: 1 to 6 hours)
Variable
Steady state: 12 hours (range: 4-66 hours)
97% to serum proteins
- Discuss specific use of drug and side effects with patient as it relates to treatment. (HCAHPS: During this hospital stay, were you given any medicine that you had not taken before? Before giving you any new medicine, how often did hospital staff tell you what the medicine was for? How often did hospital staff describe possible side effects in a way you could understand?)
- Patient may experience dizziness, fatigue, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, weight gain, insomnia, headache, or drooling. Have patient report immediately to prescriber seizures, signs of infection, signs of high blood sugar (confusion, feeling sleepy, more thirst, hunger, passing urine more often, flushing, fast breathing, or breath that smells like fruit), signs of myocarditis (a heart problem, excessive weight gain, arrhythmia, angina, tachycardia, fever, flu-like signs, shortness of breath, swelling of arm or leg, severe dizziness, or passing out), dehydration, signs of severe cerebrovascular disease (change in strength on one side is greater than the other, trouble speaking or thinking, change in balance, or change in eyesight), signs of DVT (edema, warmth, numbness, change in color, or pain in the extremities), severe constipation, abnormal movements, twitching, discoloration of extremities, coughing up blood, loss of strength and energy, vision changes, signs of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (fever, muscle cramps or stiffness, dizziness, very bad headache, confusion, change in thinking, fast heartbeat, abnormal heartbeat, or sweating a lot), or signs of tardive dyskinesia (unable to control body movements; tongue, face, mouth, or jaw sticking out; mouth puckering; and puffing cheeks) (HCAHPS).
- Educate patient about signs of a significant reaction (eg, wheezing; chest tightness; fever; itching; bad cough; blue skin color; seizures; or swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat). Note: This is not a comprehensive list of all side effects. Patient should consult prescriber for additional questions.
Intended Use and Disclaimer: Should not be printed and given to patients. This information is intended to serve as a concise initial reference for healthcare professionals to use when discussing medications with a patient. You must ultimately rely on your own discretion, experience and judgment in diagnosing, treating and advising patients.