(al oh GLIP tin)
Diabetes mellitus, type 2: Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (noninsulin dependent, NIDDM) as an adjunct to diet and exercise as monotherapy or in combination therapy
History of serious hypersensitivity (eg, anaphylaxis, angioedema, severe cutaneous reactions) to alogliptin or any component of the formulation
Diabetes mellitus, type 2: Oral: 25 mg once daily
Concomitant use with insulin and/or insulin secretagogues (eg, sulfonylureas): Reduced dose of insulin and/or insulin secretagogues may be needed.
Refer to adult dosing.
U.S. labeling:
CrCl ≥60 mL/minute: No dosage adjustment necessary.
CrCl ≥30 to <60 mL/minute: 12.5 mg once daily
CrCl ≥15 to <30 mL/minute: 6.25 mg once daily
ESRD (CrCl <15 mL/minute or requiring hemodialysis): 6.25 mg once daily; administered without regard to timing of hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis: There is no dosage adjustment provided in the manufacturer 's labeling (has not been studied).
Canadian labeling:
CrCl >50 mL/minute: No dosage adjustment necessary.
CrCl ≥30 to ≤50 mL/minute: 12.5 mg once daily
CrCl <30 mL/minute: 6.25 mg once daily
ESRD requiring hemodialysis: 6.25 mg once daily; administered without regard to timing of hemodialysis
Mild to moderate impairment (Child-Pugh class 5 to 9): No dosage adjustment necessary. Use with caution.
Severe impairment (Child-Pugh class >9): There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturers labeling (has not been studied).
Persistent or worsening clinically significant liver enzyme elevations during treatment: Interrupt treatment and investigate probable cause; do not reinitiate if explanation for the liver test abnormalities cannot be determined.
May be taken with or without food.
Individualized medical nutrition therapy (MNT) based on ADA recommendations is an integral part of therapy.
Store at 25 ‚ °C (77 ‚ °F); excursions permitted between 15 ‚ °C to 30 ‚ °C (59 ‚ °F to 86 ‚ °F).
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Tablet, Oral:
Nesina: 6.25 mg, 12.5 mg, 25 mg
Generic: 6.25 mg, 12.5 mg, 25 mg
ACE Inhibitors: DPP-IV Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of ACE Inhibitors. Specifically, the risk of angioedema may be increased. Monitor therapy
Alpha-Lipoic Acid: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Antidiabetic Agents. Monitor therapy
Androgens: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents. Exceptions: Danazol. Monitor therapy
Hyperglycemia-Associated Agents: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Antidiabetic Agents. Monitor therapy
Hypoglycemia-Associated Agents: Antidiabetic Agents may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Hypoglycemia-Associated Agents. Monitor therapy
Insulin: DPP-IV Inhibitors may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Insulin. Management: Consider a decrease in insulin dose when initiating therapy with a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor and monitor patients for hypoglycemia. Consider therapy modification
MAO Inhibitors: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Pegvisomant: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Quinolone Antibiotics: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents. Quinolone Antibiotics may diminish the therapeutic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents. Specifically, if an agent is being used to treat diabetes, loss of blood sugar control may occur with quinolone use. Monitor therapy
Salicylates: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: May enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Blood Glucose Lowering Agents. Monitor therapy
Sulfonylureas: DPP-IV Inhibitors may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Sulfonylureas. Management: Consider a decrease in sulfonylurea dose when initiating therapy with a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor and monitor patients for hypoglycemia. Consider therapy modification
Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Antidiabetic Agents. Monitor therapy
HbA1c (at least twice yearly in patients who have stable glycemic control and are meeting treatment goals; quarterly in patients not meeting treatment goals or with therapy change [ADA 2016a]), serum glucose; renal function prior to initiation and periodically during treatment; baseline liver function tests
1% to 10%:
Central nervous system: Headache (4%)
Hepatic: Increased serum ALT (>3 times ULN: 1%)
Respiratory: Nasopharyngitis (4%), upper respiratory tract infection (4%)
<1% (Limited to important or life-threatening): Anaphylaxis, hepatic failure, hypersensitivity reaction, pancreatitis, severe arthralgia (FDA Safety Alert, Aug 28, 2015), Stevens-Johnson syndrome
AUC increased two-, three-, and four-fold in patients with moderate renal impairment, severe renal impairment, and end-stage renal disease, respectively.
Concerns related to adverse effects:
- Arthralgia: Severe and disabling arthralgia has been reported with DPP-4 inhibitor use; onset may occur within one day to years after treatment initiation and may resolve with discontinuation of therapy. Some patients may experience a recurrence of symptoms if DPP-4 inhibitor therapy resumed. Discontinue use if severe joint pain results from DPP-4 inhibitor therapy.
- Hepatotoxicity: Cases of fatal and nonfatal hepatic failure have been reported in postmarketing surveillance. Baseline liver function tests (serum transaminases) are recommended to rule out underlying liver diseases. Use with caution in patients with abnormal serum transaminases. Monitor and promptly evaluate serum transaminase levels in patients with symptoms of hepatic injury (eg, fatigue, anorexia, jaundice, dark urine, and/or abdominal pain). In patients with clinically significant transaminase elevations and/or persistent or worsening elevations, alogliptin therapy should be interrupted. Therapy should only be resumed with caution in patients where an alternative cause of transaminase elevations has been determined.
- Hypersensitivity reactions: Rare hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, angioedema, and/or severe dermatologic reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, have been reported in postmarketing surveillance; discontinue if signs/symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions occur. Use with caution if patient has experienced angioedema with other DPP-4 inhibitor use.
- Pancreatitis: Cases of acute pancreatitis have been reported with use. Monitor for signs/symptoms of pancreatitis; discontinue use immediately if pancreatitis is suspected and initiate appropriate management. Use with caution in patients with a history of pancreatitis as it is not known if this population is at greater risk.
Disease-related concerns:
- Diabetes mellitus (type 1): Not indicated for use in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent, IDDM) due to lack of efficacy in this population.
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA): Not indicated for use in patients with DKA due to lack of efficacy in this patient population.
- Heart failure: Use with caution in patients with a history of heart failure and renal impairment. Monitor for signs and symptoms of heart failure during therapy and consider discontinuation of therapy if heart failure develops.
- Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with hepatic dysfunction; safety and efficacy have not been established in severe hepatic dysfunction.
- Renal impairment: Use with caution in patients with moderate-to-severe renal dysfunction and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring hemodialysis; dosing adjustment required.
Concurrent drug therapy issues:
- Drug-drug interactions: Potentially significant interactions may exist, requiring dose or frequency adjustment, additional monitoring, and/or selection of alternative therapy. Consult drug interactions database for more detailed information.
Other warnings/precautions:
- Patient education: Diabetes self-management education (DSME) is essential to maximize the effectiveness of therapy.
B
Adverse events were not observed in animal reproduction studies.
In women with diabetes, maternal hyperglycemia can be associated with congenital malformations as well as adverse effects in the fetus, neonate, and the mother (ACOG 2005; ADA 2015; Kitzmiller 2008; Metzger 2007). To prevent adverse outcomes, prior to conception and throughout pregnancy maternal blood glucose and HbA1c should be kept as close to target goals as possible but without causing significant hypoglycemia (ACOG 2013; ADA 2015; Blumer 2013; Kitzmiller 2008). Prior to pregnancy, effective contraception should be used until glycemic control is achieved (Kitzmiller 2008). Other agents are currently recommended to treat diabetes in pregnant women (ACOG 2013; Blumer 2013).
Alogliptin inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) enzyme resulting in prolonged active incretin levels. Incretin hormones (eg, glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP]) regulate glucose homeostasis by increasing insulin synthesis and release from pancreatic beta cells and decreasing glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells. Decreased glucagon secretion results in decreased hepatic glucose production. Under normal physiologic circumstances, incretin hormones are released by the intestine throughout the day and levels are increased in response to a meal; incretin hormones are rapidly inactivated by the DPP-4 enzyme.
Extensive (~100%) regardless of food intake
417 L
Not extensively metabolized; minor metabolism via CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 suggested by in vitro studies (<7% of parent compound is transformed to active and inactive metabolites)
Urine 76% (60% to 71% as unchanged drug); feces 13%
~1 to 2 hours
~21 hours
20%
- Discuss specific use of drug and side effects with patient as it relates to treatment. (HCAHPS: During this hospital stay, were you given any medicine that you had not taken before? Before giving you any new medicine, how often did hospital staff tell you what the medicine was for? How often did hospital staff describe possible side effects in a way you could understand?)
- Patient may experience signs of common cold, pharyngitis, rhinitis, rhinorrhea, or headache. Have patient report immediately to prescriber severe joint pain, signs of heart problems (cough or shortness of breath that is new or worse, swelling of the ankles or legs, abnormal heartbeat, weight gain of more than five pounds in 24 hours, dizziness, or passing out), signs of low blood sugar (dizziness, headache, fatigue, feeling weak, shaking, a fast heartbeat, confusion, hunger, or sweating), signs of pancreatitis (severe abdominal pain, severe back pain, severe nausea, or vomiting), signs of liver problems (dark urine, fatigue, lack of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, light-colored stools, vomiting, or jaundice), severe arthralgia, or signs of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin [with or without fever]; red or irritated eyes; or sores in mouth, throat, nose, or eyes) (HCAHPS).
- Educate patient about signs of a significant reaction (eg, wheezing; chest tightness; fever; itching; bad cough; blue skin color; seizures; or swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat). Note: This is not a comprehensive list of all side effects. Patient should consult prescriber for additional questions.
Intended Use and Disclaimer: Should not be printed and given to patients. This information is intended to serve as a concise initial reference for health care professionals to use when discussing medications with a patient. You must ultimately rely on your own discretion, experience, and judgment in diagnosing, treating, and advising patients.